Novel Dosage Form

ABSTRACT

There is provided inter alia a pharmaceutical dosage form for oral administration comprising a sanglifehrin as active ingredient in which the sanglifehrin active ingredient is protected from acid degradation in the stomach environment following oral administration.

The present invention relates to formulations for increasing the oral bioavailability of sanglifehrins, including natural sanglifehrins (such as sanglifehrin A, B, C and D) and non-natural sanglifehrins, such as sangamides, by protecting the drug substance. e.g. by enteric coating to reduce acid degradation in the stomach. This is anticipated to increase oral bioavailability by releasing material directly into the intestinal compartment of the subject, where sanglifehrins are less prone to degradation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Sanglifehrins

Sanglifehrin A (SfA), 5 and its natural congeners belong to a class of mixed non-ribosomal peptide/polyketides, produced by Streptomyces sp. A92-308110 (also known as DSM 9954) (see WO 97/02285 and WO 98/07743), which were originally discovered on the basis of their high affinity to cyclophilin A (CypA). SfA is the most abundant component in fermentation broths and exhibits approximately 20-fold higher affinity for CyPA compared to Cyclosporine A (CsA), 1. This has led to the suggestion that sanglifehrins could be useful for the treatment of HCV (WO2006/138507). Sanglifehrins have also been shown to exhibit a novel mechanism of immunosuppressive activity as compared to CsA (Sanglier et al., 1999; Fehr et al., 1999). SfA binds with high affinity to the CsA binding site of CyPA (Kallen et al., 2005).

Biosynthesis of Sanglifehrins

Sanglifehrins are biosynthesised by a mixed polyketide synthase (PKS)/Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) (see WO2010/034243). The 22-membered macrolide backbone consists of a polyketide carbon chain and a tripeptide chain. The peptide chain consists of one natural amino acid, valine, and two non-natural amino acids: (S)-meta-tyrosine and (S)-piperazic acid, linked by an amide bond. Hydroxylation of phenylalanine (either in situ on the NRPS or prior to biosynthesis) to generate (S)-meta-tyrosine is thought to occur via the gene product of sfaA.

Semisynthetic Sanglifehrins

Examples of the generation of semisynthetic derivatives of natural sanglifehrins have been described in the literature. These include sangamides (Moss et al., 2011, WO2011/098809), ester macrocyclic analogues of sanglifehrin (WO2011/098805) and ketone macrocyclic analogues of sanglifehrin (WO2011/098808). One of the cited reasons for generation of analogues has been to improve oral bioavailability. Other analogues have also been described in the literature (e.g. Sedrani et al., 2003, WO 2006/138507, Gaither et al., 2010).

Uses of Sanglifehrins Immunosuppressive Action of Sanglifehrins

The immunosuppressive mechanism of action of SfA is different to that of other known immunophilin-binding immunosuppressive drugs such as CsA, FK506 and rapamycin. SfA does not inhibit the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, the target of CsA (Zenke et al. 2001), instead its immunosuppressive activity has been attributed to the inhibition of interleukin-6 (Hartel et al., 2005), interleukin-12 (Steinschulte et al., 2003) and inhibition of interleukin-2-dependent T cell proliferation (Zhang & Liu, 2001). However, the molecular target and mechanism through which SfA exerts its immunosuppressive effect is hitherto unknown.

The molecular structure of SfA is complex and its interaction with CyPA is thought to be mediated largely by the macrocyclic portion of the molecule. In fact, a macrocyclic compound (hydroxymacrocycle, 6) derived from oxidative cleavage of SfA has shown strong affinity for CyPA (Sedrani et al., 2003). X-ray crystal structure data has shown that the hydroxymacrocycle binds to the same active site of CyPA as CsA. Analogues based on the macrocycle moiety of SfA have also previously been shown to be devoid of immunosuppressive properties (Sedrani et al., 2003), providing opportunity for design of non-immunosuppressive CyP inhibitors for potential use in HCV and HIV therapy.

Converse to this, there is also an opportunity to develop immunosuppressive agents with low toxicity for use in such areas as prophylaxis of transplant rejection, autoimmune, inflammatory and respiratory disorders, including, but not limited to, Crohn's disease, Behcet syndrome, uveitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, nephritic syndrome, aplastic anaemia, biliary cirrhosis, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and celiac disease. Sanglifehrins have been shown to have a novel mechanism of immunosuppressive activity (Zenke et al., 2001), potentially acting through dendritic cell chemokines (Immecke et al., 2011), and there is therefore an opportunity to develop agents with a mechanism of action different to current clinical agents, such as cyclosporine A, rapamycin and FK506.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Cyclophilin inhibitors, such as CsA and DEBIO-025 have also shown potential utility in inhibition of HIV replication. The cyclophilin inhibitors are thought to interfere with function of CyPA during progression/completion of HIV reverse transcription (Ptak et al., 2008). However, when tested clinically, DEBIO-025 only reduced HIV-1 RNA levels ≧0.5 and >1 log 10 copies/mL in nine and two patients respectively, whilst 27 of the treated patients showed no reduction in HIV-1 RNA levels (Steyn et al., 2006). Following this, DEBIO-025 was trialled in HCV/HIV coinfected patients, and showed better efficacy against HCV, and the HIV clinical trials were discontinued (see Watashi et al., 2010).

Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis B is a DNA virus of the family hepadnaviridae, and is the causative agent of Hepatitis B. As opposed to the cases with HCV and HIV, there have been very few published accounts of activity of cyclophilin inhibitors against Hepatitis B virus. Ptak et al. 2008 have described weak activity of DEBIO-025 against HBV (IC50 of 4.1 μM), whilst Xie et al., 2007 described some activity of CsA against HBV (IC50 >1.3 μg/mL). This is in contrast to HIV and HCV, where there are numerous reports of nanomolar antiviral activity of cyclophilin inhibitors.

Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (mPTP)

Opening of the high conductance permeability transition pores in mitochondria initiates onset of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). This is a causative event, leading to necrosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes after oxidative stress, Ca²⁺ toxicity, and ischaemia/reperfusion. Inhibition of Cyclophilin D (also known as Cyclophilin F) by cyclophilin inhibitors has been shown to block opening of permeability transition pores and protects cell death after these stresses. Cyclophilin D inhibitors may therefore be useful in indications where the mPTP opening has been implicated, such as muscular dystrophy, in particular Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy and Bethlem myopathy (Millay et al., 2008, WO2008/084368, Palma et al., 2009), multiple sclerosis (Forte et al., 2009), diabetes (Fujimoto et al., 2010), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Martin 2009), bipolar disorder (Kubota et al., 2010), Alzheimer's disease (Du and Yan, 2010), Huntington's disease (Perry et al., 2010), recovery after myocardial infarction (Gomez et al., 2007) and chronic alcohol consumption (King et al., 2010).

Further Therapeutic Uses

Cyclophilin inhibitors have potential activity against and therefore in the treatment of infections of other viruses, such as Varicella-zoster virus (Ptak et al., 2008), Influenza A virus (Liu et al., 2009), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other human and feline coronaviruses (Chen et al., 2005, Ptak et al., 2008), Dengue virus (Kaul et al., 2009), Yellow fever virus (Qing et al., 2009), West Nile virus (Qing et al., 2009), Western equine encephalitis virus (Qing et al., 2009), Cytomegalovirus (Kawasaki et al., 2007) and Vaccinia virus (Castro et al., 2003).

There are also reports of utility of cyclophilin inhibitors and cyclophilin inhibition in other therapeutic areas, such as in cancer (Han et al., 2009).

Oral Bioavailability of Sanglifehrins

One of the issues in drug development of natural and non-natural sanglifehrins is low oral bioavailability (e.g. see Gregory et al., 2011). This can lead to higher cost of goods, increased chance of food effect and higher interpatient variability. Whilst one route to improve this is to generate novel analogues, another route is to use formulations.

Therefore there remains a need to identify novel formulations for oral dosage of sanglifehrins, which can increase the oral bioavailability of this potentially important class of drug. Sanglifehrins may have utility in the treatment of HCV infection, but also in the treatment of other disease areas where inhibition of cyclophilins may be useful, such as HIV infection, muscular dystrophy or aiding recovery after myocardial infarction or where immunosuppression or anti-inflammatory effect is useful.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have unexpectedly discovered that whereas sanglifehrins are stable metabolically, and are stable at neutral pH, they are rapidly degraded in acidic conditions, such as simulated gut fluid (SGF) or the stomach.

Thus the invention provides oral dosage forms of sanglifehrins in which the sanglifehrin compound is protected from acid degradation in the stomach (most preferably by enteric coating of the material) such that it is released directly into the higher pH environment of the small intestine from where it may be absorbed into the system. Such dosage forms are expected to have greatly improved bioavailability relative to forms in which the sanglifehrins are not protected from acid degradation in the stomach.

These dosage forms can be used for natural sanglifehrins such as sanglifehrins A, B, C and D, and for non-natural sanglifehrins such as sangamides.

Hence, according to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical dosage form for oral administration comprising a sanglifehrin as active ingredient in which the sanglifehrin active ingredient is protected from acid degradation in the stomach environment following oral administration.

DEFINITIONS

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. at least one) of the grammatical objects of the article. By way of example “an analogue” means one analogue or more than one analogue.

As used herein the term “analogue(s)” refers to chemical compounds that are structurally similar to another but which differ slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one atom by another or in the presence or absence of a particular functional group).

As used herein the term “sanglifehrin(s)” refers to chemical compounds such as sanglifehrin A and those compounds that are structurally similar to sanglifehrin A but which differ slightly in chemical composition (such as in the replacement of one or more atom by another or in the presence or absence of a particular functional group), in particular those generated by fermentation of Streptomyces sp. A92-308110. Examples include the sanglifehrin-like compounds discussed in WO97/02285 and WO98/07743, such as sanglifehrin B. Other examples include compounds of formula (X) or (I) to (VII). The term “sanglifehrin(s)” includes compounds known as “sangamides” (see Moss et al., 2011, WO2011/098809).

As used herein the term “mutasynthetic sanglifehrin(s)” refers to chemical compounds that are structurally similar to sanglifehrin A, B, C or D but which differ slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one or more atom by another or in the presence or absence of a particular functional group) due to incorporation of a non-natural precursor, in particular, those generated by fermentation of Streptomyces sp. A92-308110 or a mutant thereof, where the culture is fed with a meta-tyrosine analogue.

As used herein the term “biosynthetically altered sanglifehrin(s)” refers to chemical compounds that are biosynthesized by the sanglifehrin gene cluster (see WO2010/034243), and are structurally similar to sanglifehrin A, B, C or D but which differ slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one or more atom by another or in the presence or absence of a particular functional group), due to alterations in the gene cluster, such as replacement or alteration of an acyltransferase domain, removal, replacement or addition of a polyketide synthase module or domain, such as removal, replacement or addition of an acyltransferase, loading domain, reductive loop domain (such as one or more of a dehydratase, ketoreductase or enoylreductase domain) or ketosynthase domain (for examples, see WO 98/01546 or WO2010/034243) in particular, those generated by fermentation of Streptomyces sp. A92-308110 or a mutant thereof.

As used herein the term “meta-tyrosine analogue(s)” refers to chemical compounds that are structurally similar to meta-tyrosine but which differ slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one or more atom by another or in the presence or absence of a particular functional group). Examples include methyl (2S)-2-amino-3-(6-hydroxy(2-pyridyl))propanoate, L-3-aminophenylalanine methyl ester, L-4-methyl-meta-tyrosine methyl ester, L-4-fluoro-meta-tyrosine methyl ester, L-4,5-difluoro-meta-tyrosine methyl ester, DL-3-fluorophenylalanine, L-phenylalanine, DL-4-fluoro-meta-tyrosine, DL-5-fluoro-meta-tyrosine, methyl 2-amino-3-(3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate, methyl 2-amino-3-(2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate, methyl 2-amino-3-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate and methyl 2-amino-3-(2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate.

As used herein the term “sanglifehrin producing bacterium” refers to any bacterial strain that naturally makes a sanglifehrin or biosynthetically altered sanglifehrin when cultured under appropriate conditions (e.g. provision of growth media and necessary precursors). This includes, but is not limited to, Streptomyces sp. A92-308110, also known as DSM 9954 (see WO 97/02285 and WO 98/07743), also known as Streptomyces flaveolus.

As used herein, the term “HCV” refers to Hepatitis C Virus, a single stranded, RNA, enveloped virus in the viral family Flaviviridae.

As used herein, the term “HIV” refers to Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the causative agent of Human Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

As used herein, the term “bioavailability” refers to the degree to which or rate at which a drug or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the site of biological activity after administration. This property is dependent upon a number of factors including the solubility of the compound, rate of absorption in the gut, the extent of protein binding and metabolism etc. Various tests for bioavailability that would be familiar to a person of skill in the art are described herein (see also Egorin et al. 2002).

The term “water solubility” as used in this application refers to solubility in aqueous media, e.g. phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4, or in 5% glucose solution. Tests for water solubility are given below in the Examples as “water solubility assay”.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the invention such as the compounds of formula (I) include conventional salts formed from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acids or bases as well as quaternary ammonium acid addition salts. More specific examples of suitable acid salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, formic, lactic, maleic, tartaric, citric, palmoic, malonic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, benzenesulfonic hydroxynaphthoic, hydroiodic, malic, steroic, tannic and the like. Hydrochloric acid salts are of particular interest. Other acids such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be useful in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. More specific examples of suitable basic salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, aluminium, calcium, zinc, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine and procaine salts. References hereinafter to a compound according to the invention include both compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” represents a straight chain or branched alkyl group, containing typically 1-10 carbon atoms, for example a C₁₋₆ alkyl group. “Alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group containing two or more carbons (for example 2-10 carbons e.g. a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group) which is unsaturated with one or more double bonds.

Examples of alkyl groups include C₁₋₄ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl. Examples of alkenyl groups include C₂₋₄alkenyl groups such as —CH═CH₂ and —CH₂CH═CH₂.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” represents a cyclic alkyl group, containing typically 3-10 carbon atoms, optionally branched, for example cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl. A branched example is 2-methylcyclopentyl. “Cycloalkenyl” refers to a cyclic alkenyl group containing typically 5-10 carbon atoms, for example cyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl. Cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups may for example be monocyclic or bicyclic (including spirocyclic) but are suitably monocyclic.

As used herein, the term “enteric coat” means a barrier coat applied to a substance to prevent release of said substance following oral administration before it reaches the small intestine.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl” represents a cycloalkyl group in which one or more one or more ring carbon atoms (e.g. 1, 2 or 3 ring carbon atoms such as 1 or 2 e.g. 1) are replaced by heteroatoms selected from O, N and S. Examples include morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl and N-methyl piperazinyl.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclenyl” represents a cycloalkenyl group in which one or more one or more ring carbon atoms (e.g. 1, 2 or 3 ring carbon atoms such as 1 or 2 e.g. 1) are replaced by heteroatoms selected from O, N and S.

Examples of aryl groups include (except where indicated) monocyclic groups i.e. phenyl and bicyclic rings (e.g. 9 and 10 membered rings) which are aromatic or (in the case of bicyclic rings contain at least one aromatic ring). For example a bicyclic ring may be fully aromatic e.g. naphthyl or may be partially aromatic (e.g. containing one aromatic ring), such as tetraline, indene or indane. Preferred aryl is phenyl. Aryl groups may optionally be substituted e.g. with one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) substituents e.g. selected from alkyl (e.g. C₁₋₄alkyl), hydroxyl, CF₃, halogen, alkoxy (e.g. C₁₋₄alkoxy), nitro, —SO₂Me, cyano and —CONH₂.

Examples of heteroaryl groups include (except where indicated) monocyclic groups (e.g. 5 and 6 membered rings) and bicyclic rings (e.g. 9 and 10 membered rings) which are aromatic or (in the case of bicyclic rings contain at least one aromatic ring) and contain one or more heteroatoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3 or 4) heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples of 5 membered heteroaryl rings include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, oxazole, oxadiazole, thiazole and triazole. Examples of 6 membered heteroaryl rings include pyridine, pyrimidine and pyrazine. Examples of bicyclic rings include fully aromatic rings such as quinoline, quinazoline, isoquinoline, indole, cinnoline, benzthiazole, benzimidazole, purine and quinoxaline and partially aromatic rings such as chromene, chromane, tetrahydroquinoline, dihydroquinoline, isoindoline and indoline. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups are preferred. The aforementioned heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted as described above for aryl groups.

When bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl groups are partially aromatic, the connection to the remainder of the molecule may be through the aromatic portion or through the non-aromatic portion.

The term “treatment” includes prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatment.

FIGURE LEGEND

FIG. 1: Images of traces of 24 following incubation in acidic and neutral conditions. A: 24 in PBS, pH 7.3 (t=0, 8.0 hours). B: 24 in acidic conditions, pH 1.2 (t=0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.0 hours).

FIG. 2: Comparison of percentage of 24 in solution following dosing of a single enterically coated or uncoated capsule into pH1.0 acidic conditions, which were adjusted to pH6.8 after 60 minutes, to mimic the pH of the stomach and intestinal compartments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, protection of the active ingredient may be achieved by provision of a layer of enteric coat, said enteric coat being stable in the acid environment of the stomach, and adapted to release the active ingredient in the higher pH environment of the small intestine.

In one embodiment the active ingredient is particulate and the enteric coat is applied to the particles of active ingredient.

In one embodiment the active ingredient is in the form of a granulate, and the enteric coat is applied to the granules of active ingredient.

In one embodiment, the active ingredient is coated onto a non-pareil (e.g. a sugar or starch sphere) and the enteric coat is applied to the coated non-pareil. Such coated non-pareils may be formulated in tablets or capsules.

In one embodiment the active ingredient (e.g. in powder form) is contained within a capsule, said capsule being provided with an enteric coat.

In one embodiment the active ingredient (e.g. in powder form) is contained within a tablet, said tablet being provided with an enteric coat.

Sanglifehrins

In one embodiment the sanglifehrin is a natural sanglifehrin such as sanglifehrin A, B, C or D.

In one embodiment the sanglifehrin is a non-natural sanglifehrin (such as a semi-synthetic, biosynthetically altered or mutasynthetic sanglifehrin). In one embodiment, it may be a non-natural sanglifehrin prepared by chemical modification of a natural sanglifehrin. In another embodiment, it may be the product of feeding a non-natural precursor to a sanglifehrin producing bacterium. For example it may be the product of feeding a meta-tyrosine analogue to a sanglifehrin producing bacterium. In another embodiment it may be the product of feeding natural or non-natural precursors to a sanglifehrin producing bacterium in which the sanglifehrin PKS has been modified in respect of one or more modules or domains (see WO2010/034243), or it may be the direct fermentation product of a genetically altered sanglifehrin producing bacterium in which the sanglifehrin PKS has been modified in respect of one or more modules or domains, via alterations in the gene cluster, such as replacement or alteration of an acyltransferase domain, removal, replacement or addition of a polyketide synthase module or domain, such as removal, replacement or addition of an acyltransferase, loading domain, reductive loop domain (such as one or more of a dehydratase, ketoreductase or enoylreductase domain) or ketosynthase domain (for examples, see WO 98/01546 or WO2010/034243) in particular, those generated by fermentation of Streptomyces sp. A92-308110 or a mutant thereof.

In one embodiment, the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (X) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

in which R₁ represents an organic moiety (i.e. a moiety composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms and optionally containing one or more N, O or S atoms) and R₂ represents an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group (such as an optionally substituted phenyl, pyridine or pyrimidine group, suitably an optionally substituted phenyl group) including any tautomer thereof; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl group and methanol. Optional substituents for aryl or heteroaryl may for example be selected from halogen, alkyl, F, Cl, Br, alkenyl or alkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are optionally replaced by carbonyl and which alkyl group may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms. An example substituent is hydroxyl (for example in the meta position).

In one embodiment, the non-natural sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

-   -   wherein:         -   the moiety X₁ represents —OR₁, —NR₁R₂ or R₃;         -   R₁, R₂ and R₃ independently represent alkyl, alkenyl,             cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl,             alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl,             aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or             alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be             substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl;     -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁, R₂ and R₃ not being         part of an aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a         heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents         0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁, R₂ and R₃         are optionally replaced by carbonyl;     -   or R₁ and R₂ are linked such that NR₁R₂ represents a saturated         or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing the specified         nitrogen atom and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said ring         are optionally replaced by a further heteroatom selected from O,         N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one         or more carbon atoms of said ring are optionally replaced by         carbonyl and which heterocyclic ring may optionally be fused to         an aryl or heteroaryl ring;     -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁, R₂ and R₃ group         may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms;     -   or R₁ and/or R₂ represents hydrogen;     -   R₉ represents H or OH;     -   n represents a single or double bond, save that when n         represents a double bond R₉ represents H;     -   R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇ and R₈ independently represent H, F, Cl, Br,         alkenyl or alkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl         group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N         and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or         more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are optionally replaced by         carbonyl and which alkyl group may optionally be substituted by         one or more halogen atoms;     -   X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅ and X₆ independently represent C or N, and in the         case of any of these groups representing N the attached         substituent is absent;     -   with the proviso that where R₄, R₆, R₇ and R₈ all represent H         and X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅ and X₆ all represent C, then R₅ cannot         represent OH, —Oalkyl or —O(CO)alkyl;     -   including any tautomer thereof; and including a methanol adduct         thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the         C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl group and methanol.

For example n represents a single bond. For example R₉ represents OH. For example X₂ represents C. For example X₃ represents C. For example X₄ represents C. For example X₅ represents C. For example X₆ represents C. For example R₄ represents H. For example R₈ represents H. For example R₅ represents OH. For example R₆ represents H, Me or F. For example R₇ represents H or F. For example R₆ and/or R₇ represents F. For example X₁ represents NR₁R₂. For example R₁ represents alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl and R₂ represents H, alkyl, alkenyl or —Oalkyl. For example NR₁R₂ represents morpholinyl, oxazinane or one of the groups disclosed in the following table:

A compound of formula (I) may be selected from:

-   -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         group and methanol;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the non-natural sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (II) or (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

-   -   wherein:     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ independently represent H, F, Cl, Br,         C₂₋₆alkenyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms of         said alkyl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom         selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2         and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are         optionally replaced by carbonyl and which alkyl group may         optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms;     -   X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄ and X₅ independently represent C or N, and in the         case of any of these groups representing N the attached         substituent is absent;     -   with the proviso that where R₁, R₃, R₄ and R₅ all represent H         and X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄ and X₅ all represent C, then R₂ cannot         represent OH;     -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl group and         methanol.

For example X₁ represents C. For example X₂ represents C. For example X₃ represents C. For example X₄ represents C. For example X₅ represents C. For example R₁, R₃, R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from H, F, Cl, CF₃, OH and C₁₋₆alkyl. For example R₂ is selected from H, F, Cl, CF₃, OH, NH₂ and C₁₋₆alkyl. For example R₂ represents OH.

A compound according to formula (II) or formula (III) may be selected from:

-   -   which can also be represented as

-   -   which can also be represented as:

-   -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl group and         methanol;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the non-natural sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (IV) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein:

-   -   X represents CH₂ or CO     -   R₁ and R₂ independently represent hydrogen; or an alkyl or         alkenyl group which may optionally be joined to form a saturated         or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom         shown and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are         optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and         S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more         carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by         carbonyl; or one of R₁ and R₂ represents -alkylaryl,         -alkenylaryl, -alkylheteroaryl or -alkenylheteroaryl and the         other represents H, alkyl or alkenyl;         including any tautomer thereof; and including a methanol adduct         thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the         C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl groups and methanol.

For example, R₁ and R₂ independently represent hydrogen; or an alkyl or alkenyl group wherein one or two carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) and wherein one or two carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by carbonyl. For example R₁ represents hydrogen and R₂ represents an alkyl group. For example R₁ represents hydrogen and R₂ represents an alkenyl group. For example R₁ and R₂ independently represent an alkyl or alkenyl group which is joined to form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom shown and wherein one or two carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or two carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by carbonyl. For example R₁ and R₂ independently represent an alkyl group which are joined to form a saturated heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom shown. For example R₁ and R₂ independently represent an alkyl or alkenyl group which are joined to form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom shown and wherein one or two carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p). For example, if a carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, it is replaced with N or O. For example X represents CH₂.

A compound according to formula (IV) may be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the non-natural sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein:

-   -   R₁ represents alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,         alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl,         alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl,         alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which         groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or         monocyclic heteroaryl;     -   or R₁ represents hydrogen;     -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ not being part of an         aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom         selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2         and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ are optionally         replaced by carbonyl;     -   provided that R₁ does not represent methyl or —CHMe₂;     -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁ group may         optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms;     -   R₃ represents H or (CO)_(x)alkyl;     -   R₄ represents H or OH;     -   R₅ represents H, OH or ═O;     -   n represents a single or double bond save that when n represents         a double bond R₄ represents H; and     -   m represents a single or double bond save that when m represents         a double bond R₅ represents H;     -   x represents 0 or 1;     -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         group and methanol.

For example, R₁ represents alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; or R₁ represents hydrogen; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ are optionally replaced by carbonyl; provided that R₁ does not represent methyl or —CHMe₂.

For example R₁ represents C₄₋₁₀ alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; or R₁ represents hydrogen; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ are optionally replaced by carbonyl.

For example R₁ is selected from C₂₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl and aryl. For example R₁ is selected from C₂₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl and aryl. For example R₁ is selected from C₄₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl and aryl.

For example, independently or in any combination: R₃ represents H or (CO)_(x)C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein x is as defined in claim 1; n represents a single bond; m represents a single bond; R₄ represents OH; and R₅ represents ═O.

For example x represents 0. For example R₃ represents H or methyl. For example R₅ represents C═O.

For example a compound of formula (V) is selected from a compound in which:

-   -   R₁ represents CH₂CH═CH₂, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents CH₂CH₃, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents C(CH₃)₃, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents phenyl, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents C(CH₃)₃, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a double bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents C(CH₃)₃, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents CH₂CH═CH₂, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents CH₂CH₃, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents phenyl R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

-   -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         group and methanol.

For example, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

-   -   wherein R₁₀ represents —OR₁ and R₁ is as defined above,     -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         group and methanol.

For example, R₁₀ is selected from a group listed in the following table:

Compounds of formula (V) may be prepared according to methods disclosed in WO2011/098805 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In another embodiment, the non-natural sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein:

-   -   R₁ represents alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,         alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl,         alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl,         alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which         groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or         monocyclic heteroaryl;     -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ not being part of an         aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom         selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2         save that the atom adjacent to the carbonyl group to which R₁ is         attached is not O or N and wherein one or more carbon atoms of         R₁ are optionally replaced by carbonyl;     -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁ group may         optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms;     -   R₃ represents H or (CO)_(x)alkyl;     -   R₄ represents H or OH;     -   R₅ represents H, OH or ═O;     -   n represents a single or double bond save that when n represents         a double bond R₄ represents H; and     -   m represents a single or double bond save that when m represents         a double bond R₅ represents H;     -   x represents 0 or 1;     -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         group and methanol.

For example R₁ represents alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl;

-   -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ not being part of an         aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom         selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2         save that the atom adjacent to the carbonyl group to which R₁ is         attached is not O or N and wherein one or more carbon atoms of         R₁ are optionally replaced by carbonyl.

For example R₁ represents C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₁₋₄alkylC₄₋₇cycloalkyl or C₁₋₄alkylC₅₋₇cycloalkenyl.

For example independently or in any combination: R₃ represents H or (CO)_(x)C₁₋₄alkyl; n represents a single bond; m represents a single bond; R₄ represents OH; and R₅ represents ═O.

For example x represents 0. For example R₃ represents H or methyl.

For example a compound of formula (VI) is selected from a compound in which:

-   -   R₁ represents CH₂CH₃, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents ethylcyclohexyl, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents         OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and         R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents t-butyl, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents CH₂CH₃, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents ethylcyclohexyl, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H,         n represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents t-butyl, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n represents a single bond, m         represents a single bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by         the following structure:

-   -   wherein R₁ is as defined above;     -   including any tautomer thereof; or any isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         groups and methanol.

For example R₁ is selected from a group listed in the following table:

Compounds of formula (VI) may be prepared according to methods disclosed in WO2011/098808 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In another embodiment, the non-natural sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (VII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein:

R₁ and R₂ independently represent alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl;

-   -   or R₁ represents hydrogen; and wherein one or more carbon atoms         of R₁ and/or R₂ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group         are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and         S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more         carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by         carbonyl;     -   or R₁ and R₂ are joined to form a saturated or unsaturated         heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom shown and wherein         one or more carbon atoms of said ring are optionally replaced by         a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p         represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of         said ring are optionally replaced by carbonyl and which         heterocyclic ring may optionally be fused to an aryl or         heteroaryl ring;     -   and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁ and/or R₂ group         may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms;     -   R₃ represents H, —(CO)_(x)alkyl;     -   R₄ represents H or OH;     -   R₅ represents H, OH or ═O;     -   n represents a single or double bond save that when n represents         a double bond R₄ represents H; and     -   m represents a single or double bond save that when m represents         a double bond R₅ represents H;     -   x represents 0 or 1;     -   including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         groups and methanol.

For example R₁ and R₂ independently represent alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl;

-   -   or R₁ represents hydrogen; and wherein one or more carbon atoms         of R₁ and/or R₂ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group         are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and         S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more         carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by         carbonyl;     -   or R₁ and R₂ are joined to form a saturated or unsaturated         heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom shown and wherein         one or more carbon atoms of said ring are optionally replaced by         a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p         represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of         said ring are optionally replaced by carbonyl and which         heterocyclic ring may optionally be fused to an aryl or         heteroaryl ring.

For example R₁ represents aryl or heteroaryl substituted by monocyclic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl, —C₁₋₄alkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —COC₁₋₄alkyl or —C₂₋₄alkenyl. For example R₂ represents hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₄ alkenyl. For example R₂ represents hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl.

For example R₁ and R₂ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached represent a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring, such as a pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine or piperazine ring in which the 4-nitrogen of piperazine is optionally substituted by C₁₋₄alkyl and in which a carbon atom adjacent to a nitrogen atom within the ring is optionally replaced with carbonyl.

For example independently or in any combination: R₃ represents H or (CO)_(x)C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein x is as defined above; n represents a single bond; m represents single bond; R₄ represents OH; R₅ represents ═O.

For example x represents 0.

For example a compound of formula (VII) is selected from a compound in which:

-   -   R₁ represents OCH₃, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents ethyl, R₂ represents ethyl, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents —CHMe₂, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents methyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents methyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents Me, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents —CH₂CH═CH₂, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents methyl, R₂ represents methyl, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents bond, m represents bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents —CH₂CHMe₂, R₂ represents —CH₂CHMe₂, R₃ represents         H, R₄ represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a         single bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents OCH₃, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R⁴         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a double         bond and R₅ represents H as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents OCH₃, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a double bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ and R₂ together represent —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— connected in a         6-membered heterocycle, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents 4-biphenylyl, R₂ represents H, where, R₃         represents H, R₄ represents OH, n represents a single bond, m         represents a single bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by         the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents cyclohexyl, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ and R₂ together represent —OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— connected in a         6-membered heterocycle, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents 2-pyridinyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents cyclohexyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents OCH₃, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents OH as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents OCH₃, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents ethyl, R₂ represents ethyl, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents —CHMe₂, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents methyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents methyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents Me, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents —CH₂CH═CH₂, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents methyl, R₂ represents methyl, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents bond, m represents bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents —CH₂CHMe₂, R₂ represents —CH₂CHMe₂, R₃ represents         H, R₄ represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a         single bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents OCH₃, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a double         bond and R₅ represents H as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ and R₂ together represent —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂— connected in a         6-membered heterocycle, R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents 4-biphenylyl, R₂ represents H, where, R₃         represents H, R₄ represents H, n represents a single bond, m         represents a single bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by         the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents cyclohexyl, R₂ represents Me, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents cyclohexyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   R₁ and R₂ together represent —OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— connected in a         6-membered heterocycle. R₃ represents H, R₄ represents H, n         represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅         represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

or

-   -   R₁ represents 2-pyridinyl, R₂ represents H, R₃ represents H, R₄         represents H, n represents a single bond, m represents a single         bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following         structure:

or

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one thereof;         including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         groups and methanol.

For example R₃ represents H, R₄ represents OH, n represents a single bond, m represents a single bond and R₅ represents ═O as represented by the following structure:

-   -   wherein R₁₀ represents a group as shown in the following table:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one thereof;         including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which         the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a         methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the         combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl         groups and methanol.

Compounds of formula (VII) may be prepared according to methods disclosed in WO2011/098809 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Compounds of formula (X) and (I) to (IV) may generally be prepared by methods analogous to those described in WO2010/034243, WO2011/098805, WO2011/098808 and WO2011/098809. This may involve semi-synthetic alteration of a fermentation-produced sanglifehrin template, for example by modified Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and oxidative cleavage, followed by Homer Wadsworth Emmons coupling of a suitable phosphonate.

Formulations

Pharmaceutical formulations of sanglifehrins may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient (sanglifehrin) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

According to the invention the sanglifehrins will normally be administered orally in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the active ingredient, optionally in the form of a non-toxic organic, or inorganic, acid, or base, addition salt, in a pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form.

Depending upon the disorder and patient to be treated, as well as the route of administration, the compositions may be administered at varying doses.

Such tablets may contain excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate and glycine, disintegrants such as starch (preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch), sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium and certain complex silicates, and granulation binders such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxy-propylcellulose (HPC), sucrose, gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate and talc may be included.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules. Preferred excipients in this regard include lactose, starch, a cellulose, milk sugar or high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. For aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs, the compounds of the invention may be combined with various sweetening or flavouring agents, colouring matter or dyes, with emulsifying and/or suspending agents and with diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol and glycerin, and combinations thereof.

A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (e.g. povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g. sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in varying proportions to provide desired release profile.

Formulations in accordance with the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; or as a powder or granules.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavouring agents.

The dosage form will contain the sanglifehrin as active ingredient in a form in which it is protected from acid degradation in the stomach (most preferably by provision of an enteric coating and discussed elsewhere herein).

The dosage to be administered of a sanglifehrin will vary according to the particular compound, the disease involved, the subject, and the nature and severity of the disease and the physical condition of the subject, and the selected route of administration. The appropriate dosage can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.

The compositions may contain from 0.1% by weight, preferably from 5-60%, more preferably from 10-30% by weight, of a sanglifehrin, depending on the method of administration.

It will be recognized by one of skill in the art that the optimal quantity and spacing of individual dosages of a sanglifehrin will be determined by the nature and extent of the condition being treated, the form, route and site of administration, and the age and condition of the particular subject being treated, and that a physician will ultimately determine appropriate dosages to be used. This dosage may be repeated as often as appropriate. If side effects develop the amount and/or frequency of the dosage can be altered or reduced, in accordance with normal clinical practice.

Enteric Coating Technologies

In general, when substrates (such as particles, granules, capsule or tablets) are to be enteric coated they are coated with an enteric coating layer with the optional presence of a separating layer between the substrate and the enteric coating layer and with the optional presence of a finishing layer applied on top of the enteric coating layer.

Separating layers may optionally be used to avoid issues of possible chemical interaction between the enteric coating layer (or its carrier used in the process of application) and the active ingredient (or another component of the substrate). A separating layer may also be used when the active ingredient (or another component of the substrate) may be partially or substantially dissolved during the process of application of the enteric coating layer.

A separating layer may, for example, contain a polymer such as hydroxymethylcellulose (HPMC).

Finishing layers may optionally be used, for example to protect the enteric layer or, by inclusion of whitening agents or colorants, to modify the colour of the coated material. A finishing layer may, for example, contain a polymer such as hydroxymethylcellulose (HPMC) and a whitening agent such as titanium dioxide.

Suitably separating layer and finishing layer coating materials are available under the Opadry brand name from Colorcon.

The enteric coating layer will typically comprise a substance, such as a fatty acid, wax, shellac, polymers, plant fibres and the like, which is stable to the acid pH of the stomach (particularly pH below 5 and especially pH around 3 or less) but breaks down in alkaline environment (e.g. pH 7-9) of the small intestine.

One class of enteric coating materials is the phthalates. Examples include cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate and polyvinylacetate phthalate.

Sureteric™ is a proprietory aqueous enteric coating system from Colorcon that comprises polyvinylacetate phthalate, plasticisers and other ingredients in a dry powder system.

Opadry™ Enteric is a proprietory enteric coating system from Colorcon based on polyvinylacetate phthalate that is suitable for application by alcoholic or hydroalcoholic processing techniques. An example thickness of coating of Opadry Enteric is that of 11 mg Opadry Enteric applied to a size 0 capsule (21.7 mm diameter×7.65 mm height) scaled according to size of article coated.

Another class of enteric coating materials is the acetate succinates. Examples include hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate and cellulose acetate succinate.

Another class of enteric coating materials include alginates and alginic acid derivatives.

Another class of enteric coating materials includes methylacrylate—methacrylic acid copolymers and methylmethylacrylate—methacrylic acid copolymers. Acryl EZE™ is a is a proprietory aqueous acrylic enteric coating system from Colorcon.

A further example enteric coating material is Eudragit™ L-30 D55 from Evonik Röhm GmbH

Coating, such as separating coatings, enteric coatings and finishing coatings are typically applied to the substrate (particle, granule, capsule or tablet) by spray coating. Spray coating may be performed in line with manufacturer's directions.

Further details of example coating layers and methods of applying coating layers (including suitable thicknesses) may be gleaned by reference to “Aqueous Polymeric Coatings for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms” 3^(nd) Edition (2008) Editors: James W McGinity and Linda A Felton; Publisher: Informa Healthcare USA, Inc, the contents of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

Further information may also be gleaned by reference to Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Edition, the contents of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

The type and thicknesses of the respective layers may also be selected according to manufacturer's instructions.

Therapeutic Use

A sanglifehrin according to the invention is expected to be useful in the treatment of viral infections (especially RNA virus infections) such as HCV or HIV infection, for use as an anti-inflammatory agent or for prophylaxis of organ transplant rejection.

Aspects of the invention include:

-   -   A pharmaceutical dosage form according to this invention for use         in the treatment of viral infections (especially RNA virus         infections) such as HCV or HIV infection, or for use as an         anti-inflammatory agent or for prophylaxis of organ transplant         rejection, by oral administration.         -   A method of treatment of viral infections (especially RNA             virus infections) such as HCV or HIV infection, or a method             of treatment of inflammation or a method of prophylaxis of             organ transplant rejection which comprises orally             administering to a subject in need therefore an effective             amount of a pharmaceutical dosage form according to this             invention.

An effective amount is an amount which gives rise to a biologically meaningfull response (e.g. reduction in viral load, reduction in inflammation etc) and may be determined experimentally by a skilled person. An effective amount may typically be in the range 1-1500 mg/day, most preferably 25-600 mg/day (or 0.015-20 mg/kg, most preferably 0.35-9 mg/kg/day) said weight amount referring to the amount of sanglifehrin active ingredient in the dosage form.

Combination Therapy

A sanglifehrin according to the invention may be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents. Co-administration of two (or more) agents may allow for lower doses of each to be used, thereby reducing side effect, can lead to improved potency and therefore higher SVR, and a reduction in resistance.

Therefore in one embodiment, the sanglifehrin is co-administered with one or more therapeutic agent/s for the treatment of HCV infection, taken from the standard of care treatments. This could be an interferon (e.g. pIFNα and/or ribavirin).

In an alternative embodiment, a sanglifehrin is co-administered with one or more other anti-viral agents, such as a STAT-C (specifically targeted agent for treatment of HCV) or DAA (direct acting antivirals), which could be one or more of the following: Non-nucleoside Polymerase inhibitors (e.g. ABT-333, ABT-072, BMS 791325, IDX375, VCH-222, BI 207127, ANA598, VCH-916, GS 9190, PF-00868554 (Filibuvir) or VX-759), Nucleoside or nucleotide polymerase inhibitors (e.g. 2′-C-methylcytidine, 2′-C-methyladenosine, R1479, PSI-6130, R7128, R1626, PSI 7977 or IDX 184), Protease inhibitors (e.g. ABT-450, ACH-1625, BI 201355, BILN-2061, BMS-650032, CTS 1027, Danoprevir, GS 9256, GS 9451, MK 5172, IDX 320, VX-950 (Telaprevir), SCH503034 (Boceprevir), TMC435350, MK-7009 (Vaneprivir), R7227/ITMN-191, EA-058, EA-063 or VX 985), NS5A inhibitors (e.g. A-831, BMS 790052, BMS 824393, CY-102 or PPI-461), silymarin, NS4b inhibitors, serine C-palmitoyltransferase inhibitors, Nitazoxanide or viral entry inhibitors (e.g. PRO 206).

In an alternative embodiment, a sanglifehrin is co-administered with one or more other anti-viral agents (such as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)) for the treatment of HIV, which could be one or more of the following: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) (e.g. Emtricitabine or Tenofovir), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) (e.g. Rilipivirine or Efavirenz), protease inhibitors (PI) (e.g. Ritonavir or Lopinavir), fusion inhibitors (e.g. Maraviroc or Enfuvirtide), CCR5 inhibitors (e.g. Aplaviroc or Vicriviroc), maturation inhibitors (e.g. Bevirimat), CD4 monoclonal antibodies (e.g. Ibalizumab) and integrase inhibitors (e.g. Eltiegravir).

In an alternative embodiment, a sanglifehrin is co-administered with one or more other anti-viral agents for the treatment of HBV, which could be one or more of the following: interferons (e.g. interferon alpha or pegylated interferon alpha), nucleoside or nucleotide analogues (e.g. lamivudine, entecavir, adefovir dipivoxil or telbivudine), other immunomodulators (e.g. Thymosin alpha, CYT107 or DV-601) or HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g. Simvastatin).

Optionally, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may comprise one or more other therapeutic agents, for example one or more other anti-viral agents and/or one of more other therapeutic agents mentioned above.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical dosage form of the invention may form a kit of parts together with one or more other pharmaceutical dosage forms containing one or more other anti-viral agents and/or one of more other therapeutic agents mentioned above

General Methods Materials and Methods Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions

The sanglifehrin producer Streptomyces sp. A92-308110 (DSM no 9954, purchased from DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) also termed BIOT-4253 and BIOT-4370 or its derivatives, such as BIOT-4585 are maintained on medium oatmeal agar, MAM, ISP4 or ISP2 (see below) at 28° C.

BIOT-4585 was grown on oatmeal agar at 28° C. for 7-10 days. Spores from the surface of the agar plate were collected into 20% w/v sterile glycerol in distilled and stored in 0.5-ml aliquots at −80° C. Frozen spore stock was used for inoculating seed media SGS or SM25-3. The inoculated seed medium was incubated with shaking between 200 and 300 rpm at 5.0 or 2.5 cm throw at 27° C. for 24 hours. The fermentation medium SGP-2 or BT6 were inoculated with 2.5%-10% of the seed culture and incubated with shaking between 200 and 300 rpm with a 5 or 2.5 cm throw at 24° C. for 4-5 days. The culture was then harvested for extraction.

Meta-Tyrosine Analogues

Methyl (2S)-2-amino-3-(6-hydroxy(2-pyridyl))propanoate, L-3-aminophenylalanine methyl ester, L-4-methyl-meta-tyrosine methyl ester, L-4-fluoro-meta-tyrosine methyl ester and L-4,5-difluoro-meta-tyrosine methyl ester were purchased from Netchem (USA).

DL-3-fluorophenylalanine and L-phenylalanine were purchased from Sigma (UK).

DL-meta-tyrosine was purchased from Fluorochem (UK).

L-meta-tyrosine was purchased from Alfa Aesar (UK).

DL-4-fluoro-meta-tyrosine (8), DL-5-fluoro-meta-tyrosine (9), methyl 2-amino-3-(3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (10), methyl 2-amino-3-(2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (11), methyl 2-amino-3-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (12) and methyl 2-amino-3-(2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (13) were synthesised as follows:

DL-4-fluoro-meta-tyrosine (8)

To a solution of 8-1 (3 g, 19.5 mmol) in dry DCM (150 mL) was added dropwise BBr₃ (4 M in DCM, 14.6 ml, 58.5 mmol) at −70° C. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 3 h, ice-water was added carefully, and extracted with DCM. The organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatographed on silica to give the desired compound 8-2.

To a solution of 8-2 (0.9 g, 6.4 mmol) in acetone (40 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (2.2 g, 16 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was added and acetone was removed under vacuum, and then extracted with EtOAc, the organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatographed on silica to give the desired compound 8-3.

A mixture of 8-3 (1 g, 4.34 mmol), hippuric acid (860 mg, 4.80 mmol), NaOAc (400 mg) and Ac₂O (2.2 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. The yellow reaction mixture was cooled and cold EtOH (10 mL) was added, the mixture was cooled in an ice bath for 15 min and then was poured into 30 mL of ice water, chilled and the product was collected by filtration. The solid was dried in vacuo to yield 8-4.

A solution of 8-4 (300 mg, 0.8 mmol) and NaOAc (71 mg, 0.87 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and the reside was dissolved in 50 mL of EtOAc, the EtOAc solution was washed two times with water and concentrated to give 8-5.

A solution of 8-5 (360 mg, 0.89 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was hydrogenated over 10% Pd/C (77 mg) at normal pressure for 20 h. After removal of the catalyst by filtration, the solvent was evaporated to give the product 8-6.

A solution of 8-6 (210 mg) in 3 N HCl (10 mL) was refluxed for 24 h. the solution was concentrated to dryness and the residue was purified by reverse-combiflash to give the target product 8.

DL-5-fluoro-meta-tyrosine (9) and methyl 2-amino-3-(3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (10)

To a solution of 9-1 (20 g, 97.55 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added dropwise n-butyl lithium (43 mL, 2.5 M, 107.3 mmol) at −78° C. It was stirred for 30 minutes and N,N-dimethylformamide (15.1 mL, 195.1 mmol) was added at this temperature. It was stirred for another 30 minutes and the cold bath was removed. After 1 hour, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried (sodium sulfate), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica to give 9-2.

To a solution of 9-2 (6 g, 38.9 mmol) in dry DCM (200 mL) was added dropwise BBr₃ (4 M in DCM, 30 ml, 116.8 mmol) at −70° C. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 3 hours, ice-water was added carefully, and extracted with DCM. The organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatographed on silica to give the desired compound 9-3.

To a solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (4.64 g, 14 mmol) in DCM (150 mL) was added DBU (4.26 g, 28 mmol) at room temperature. After 10 min, 9-3 (1.95 g, 14 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (150 mL), separated and the organic layer was washed with 1 N HCl, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica to give 9-4.

A solution of 9-4 (1 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was hydrogenated over 200 mg of 10% Pd/C at normal pressure overnight. After removal of the catalyst by filtration, the solvent was evaporated to give 10.

To a solution of 10 (300 mg, 1.4 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) was added aq. NaOH (2 N, 4 mL), the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The solvent was removed and the residue was neutralized to pH=6 with 2 N HCl and the white crystals that formed were collected by filtration to give the target compound 9.

Methyl 2-amino-3-(2-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (11)

To a solution of the compound 11-1 (1.4 g, 9 mmol) in 50 mL DCM was added dropwise BBr₃ (4M in DCM, 3.6 mL, 13.5 mmol) at −78° C. After the addition, the reaction was stirred at −20° C. for 4 hours. Then slow addition of ice/water, the layers was separated, the organic layers was washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue was used to next step without further purification.

To a solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (3 g, 9 mmol) in 100 mL DCM was added DBU (2.8 g, 18 mmol) at room temperature, after 10 mins, the compound 11-2 (crude compound from last step) was added, stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was then diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with 1N HCl (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5/1) to give 11-3.

A mixture of the compound 11-3 (500 mg, 1.5 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was hydrogenated over 50 mg of 10% Pd/C at normal pressure overnight. After removal of the catalyst by filtration, the solvent was evaporated to get the crude product, which was purified by reverse-combiflash to get 11 as a white solid.

Methyl 2-amino-3-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (12)

To a solution of the compound 12-1 (1.4 g, 9 mmol) in 50 mL DCM was added dropwise BBr₃ (4M in DCM, 3.6 mL, 13.5 mmol) at −78° C. After the addition, the reaction was stirred at −20° C. for 4 hours. After slow addition of ice/water, the layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue was used to next step without further purification.

To a solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (3 g, 9 mmol) in 100 mL DCM was added DBU (2.7 mL, 18 mmol) at room temperature, after 10 mins, the compound 12-2 (crude compound from last step) was added, stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was then diluted with DCM (100 mL), washed with 1N HCl (30 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5/1) to give 12-3.

A mixture of the compound 12-3 (500 mg, 1.44 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was hydrogenated over 100 mg of 10% Pd/C at normal pressure overnight. After removal of the catalyst by filtration, the solvent was evaporated to get the crude product, which was purified by reverse-combiflash to get the desired compound 12 as a white solid.

Methyl 2-amino-3-(2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (13)

To a solution of 2,4-difluorophenol (2 g, 15.4 mmol) in 50 mL DMF was added K₂CO₃(3.2 g, 23.1 mmol) and BnBr (2.2 mL, 18.5 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Water (100 mL) and EA (200 mL) was added, the organic layers was washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=10/1) to give the crude 13-1.

To a solution of the compound 13-1 (2 g, 9 mmol) in 10 mL THF was added dropwise n-BuLi (4 mL, 2.5 M) at −78° C. and stirred for 30 mins. DMF (1.3 g, 0.018 mmol) was added and stirred for 30 mins again. The cold bath was then removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before being quenched with water. It was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=10/1) to give 13-2 as a yellow solid.

To a solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (728 mg, 2.2 mmol) in 20 mL DCM was added DBU (319 mg, 2.1 mmol) at room temperature. After 10 mins, the compound 13-2 (500 mg, 2 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was then diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with 1N HCl (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5/1) to give 13-3 as a yellow oil.

The compound 13-3 (600 mg, 1.32 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was hydrogenated over 60 mg of 10% Pd/C at normal pressure overnight. After removal of the catalyst by filtration, the solvent was evaporated to get the crude product, which was purified by reverse-combiflash to get the desired compound 13 as a white solid.

Media Recipes

Water used for preparing media was prepared using Millipore Elix Analytical Grade Water Purification System

SGS Seed Medium

Ingredient (and supplier) Recipe Glucose (Sigma, G7021) 7.50 g Glycerol (Fisher scientific, G/0650/25) 7.50 g yeast extract (Becton Dickinson, 212770) 1.35 g malt extract (Becton Dickinson, 218630) 3.75 g potato starch (soluble) (Signma, S2004) 7.50 g NZ-amine A (Sigma, C0626) 2.50 g toasted soy flour, Nutrisoy (ADM, 2.50 g 063-160) L-asparagine (Sigma, A0884) 1.00 g CaCO₃(Calcitec, V/40S) 0.05 g NaCl (Fisher scientific, S/3160/65) 0.05 g KH₂PO₄ (Sigma, P3786) 0.25 g K₂HPO₄ (Sigma, P5379) 0.50 g MgSO₄•7H₂O (Sigma, M7774) 0.10 g trace element solution B 1.00 mL agar 1.00 g SAG471 Antifoam (GE Silicones, * 0.20 mL SAG471) RO H₂O to final vol. of ** 1.00 L pre-sterilisation pH was adjusted to pH 7.0 with 10M NaOH/10M H₂SO₄ sterilised by heating 121° C., 20-30 min (autoclaving) Notes * antifoam only used in seed fermenters, NOT seed flasks ** final volume adjusted accordingly to account for seed volume

Trace Element Solution B

Ingredient Recipe FeSO₄•7H₂O (Sigma, F8633) 5.00 g ZnSO₄•7H₂O (Sigma, Z0251) 4.00 g MnCl₂•4H₂O (Sigma, M8530) 2.00 g CuSO₄•5H₂O (Aldrich, 20,919-8) 0.20 g (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ (Fisher scientific, 0.20 g A/5720/48) CoCl₂•6H₂0 (Sigma, C2644) 0.10 g H₃BO₃ (Sigma, B6768) 0.10 g KI (Alfa Aesar, A12704) 0.05 g H₂SO₄ (95%) (Fluka, 84720) 1.00 mL RO H₂O to final vol. of 1.00 L

SGP2 Production Medium

Ingredient Recipe toasted soy flour (Nutrisoy) (ADM, 063- 20.00 g 160) Glycerol (Fisher scientific, G/0650/25) 40.00 g MES buffer (Acros, 172595000) 19.52 g SAG471 Antifoam (GE Silicones, *0.20 mL SAG471) RO H₂O to final vol. of **1.00 L pre-sterilisation pH adjusted to pH 6.8 with 10M NaOH sterilised by heating 121° C., 20-30 min (autoclaving) Notes *final volume adjusted accordingly to account for seed volume **antifoam was used only in fermentors not flasks

SM25-3 Medium (also termed SM25)

Ingredient

Glycerol (Fisher scientific, G/0650/25) 40 g Soy Peptone A3 SC (Organotechnie) 10 g Malt extract (Difco) 21 g to final vol. of 1 L pre-sterilisation pH not adjusted (i.e. pH 7.0)

ISP4 Medium

Ingredient

Soluble Starch (Difco) 10 g K2HPO4 1 g MgSO4•7H20 1 g NaCl 1 g (NH4)2SO4 2 g CaCO3 2 g ISP Trace Salts Solution 1 mL Agar 20 g to final vol. of 1 L

Make a paste with the starch in a small volume of cold water and bring to volume of 500 ml

Add other ingredients to solution II in 500 mls water pH should be between pH 7.0 and pH 7.4 (pH 7.3) Mix two solutions together and add agar

ISP Trace Salts

Ingredient

FeSO4•7H20 1 g MnCl2•4H20 1 g ZnSO4•7H20 1 g to final vol. of 1 L Store at 4 degrees C.

General Fermentation Method

Cryopreserved spore stocks of BIOT-4585 were thawed at room temperature. Vegetative cultures (seed cultures) were prepared by transferring 4.0 mL of spore stock into 400 mL medium SM25 in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks with foam plug. Cultivation was carried out for 48 hours at 27° C. and 250 rpm (5.0 cm throw). From the seed culture 25 mL was transferred into 250 mL production medium SGP2+5% HP20 in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks with foam plug. After 24 hours cultivation at 24° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw), 2 mL of a 250 mM racemic or 125 mM enantiomerically pure solution of the desired precursor in 1M hydrochloric acid and 2 mL of a 250 mM methanolic solution of DL-piperazic acid was added to each production flask to give a final 1 mM concentration of the individual enantiomers of the precursors. Cultivation was continued for further four days at 24° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw).

Analysis of Culture Broths by LC-UV and LC-UV-MS

Culture broth (1 mL) and ethyl acetate (1 mL) is added and mixed for 15-30 min followed by centrifugation for 10 min. 0.4 mL of the organic layer is collected, evaporated to dryness and then re-dissolved in 0.20 mL of acetonitrile.

HPLC conditions:

C18 Hyperclone BDS C18 Column 3u, 4.6 mm×150 mm

Fitted with a Phenomenex Analytical C18 Security Guard Cartridge (KJ0-4282)

Column temp at 50° C.

Flow rate 1 mL/min

Monitor UV at 240 nm

Inject 20 uL aliquot

Solvent gradient:

0 min: 55% B

1.0 min: 55% B

6.5 min: 100% B

10.0 min: 100% B

10.05 min: 55% B

13.0 min: 55% B

Solvent A is Water+0.1% Formic Acid

Solvent B is Acetonitrile+0.1% Formic Acid

Under these conditions SfA elutes at 5.5 min

Under these conditions SfB elutes at 6.5 min

LCMS is performed on an integrated Agilent HP1100 HPLC system in combination with a Bruker Daltonics Esquire 3000+ electrospray mass spectrometer operating in positive ion mode using the chromatography and solvents described above.

QC LC-MS Method

HPLC conditions:

C18 Hyperclone BDS C18 Column 3u, 4.6 mm×150 mm

Fitted with a Phenomenex Analytical C18 Security Guard Cartridge (KJ0-4282)

Column temp at 50° C.

Flow rate 1 mL/min

Monitor UV at 210, 240 and 254 nm

Solvent gradient:

0 min: 10% B

2.0 min: 10% B

15 min: 100% B

17 min: 100% B

17.05 min: 10% B

20 min: 10% B

Solvent A is Water+0.1% Formic Acid

Solvent B is Acetonitrile+0.1% Formic Acid

MS conditions:

MS operates in switching mode (switching between positive and negative), scanning from 150 to 1500 amu.

Analysis of 24 by HPLC in Capsule Study

24 was analysed by HPLC using the following parameters

Parameter Setting System: Agilent 1200 Series Column: Phenomenex Hyperclone BDS C18 Column 3u, 4.6 mm × 150 mm Mobile phase: Solvent A is Water + 0.1% Formic Acid Solvent B is Acetonitrile + 0.1% Formic Acid Injection volume: 20 μL Flow rate: 1 mL/min Column temperature: 50° C. Run time:   20 min Detection: Agilent UV detector, 276 nm Gradient:    0 min: 10% B  2.0 min: 10% B   15 min: 100% B   17 min: 100% B 17.05 min: 10% B   20 min: 10% B

In Vivo Assessment of Oral and Intravenous Pharmacokinetics

For sanglifehrins, whole blood is analysed. Compounds are formulated in 5% ethanol/5% cremophor EL/90% saline for both p.o. and i.v. administration. Groups of 3 male CD1 mice are dosed with either 1 mg/kg i.v. or 5 or 10 mg/kg p.o. Blood samples (40 μL) are taken via saphenous vein, pre-dose and at 0.25, 0.5, 2, 8, and 24 hours, and diluted with an equal amount of dH₂0 and put on dry ice immediately. Samples are stored at −70° C. until analysis. The concentration of the sanglifehrin or parent compound in the sample is determined via LCMS as follows: 20 μL of blood:H₂O (1:1, v/v)/PK sample is added with 20 μL Internal standard (hydroxyl macrocycle, 6) at 100 ng/mL, 20 μL working solution/MeOH and 150 μL of ACN, vortexed for 1 minute at 1500 rpm, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant is then injected into LC-MS/MS. The time-course of blood concentrations is plotted and used to derive area under the whole blood concentration-time curve (AUC—which is directly proportional to the total amount of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation). These values are used to generate PK parameters where possible.

In Vitro Assessment of Stability in Acidic and Neutral Conditions Test Compound DMSO Solutions

1 mM DMSO solutions were made of compounds to be tested and mixed on vibrax to ensure compound was fully dissolved.

Test Solutions

The following solutions were made to test the compounds in:

PBS Solution: 2 tablets of Phosphate Buffered Saline (Dulbecco A) tablets (Oxoid, BR0014G) were added to 200 mL distilled water and stirred to mix. pH was measured at 7.28.

Simulated Gut Fluid (SGF): 300 uL conc. HCl added to 50 mL distilled water and mixed. pH was measured at 1.21.

Simulated gut fluid+pepsin: 300 uL conc. HCl and 1 g of Pepsin (from Porcine gastric mucosa, Sigma) were added to 50 mL distilled water and mixed by stirring for 1 hr.

SGF+denatured pepsin: 900 uL of Acidic Enzyme Solution taken into a 2 mL eppendorf tube and heated at 99° C. in a water bath for 30 mins.

Acidic Enzyme and Acidic Denatured Enzyme solutions were made fresh each day, whereas PBS and Acid Solutions were stored at 4° C. when not in use.

Eppendorfs containing 900 uL of test solutions were pre-warmed in a 37° C. water bath. At t=0, 100 uL of test compound (1 mM DMSO solution) was added to test solution and mixed. 100 uL was taken immediately and mixed into 900 uL acetonitrile in an amber glass LC vial. 50-100 uL of the sample was analysed by HPLC, integrating the compounds' UV peaks to determine degradation over time. Sanglifehrin A was measured at its λmax of 240 nm; 33, 45 and 24 were measured at their λmax of 276 nm.

Further samples were taken in the same manner for analysis at approximately t=0.33, 0.67, 1.0, 2.67, and 4.67 hr. A final analysis was run at t=>30 to confirm end point of reaction.

Controls of test compound DMSO solutions in 900 uL DMSO were also prepared and treated in the same manner, with samples analysed at t=0, t=8 and t=>30 hr. Half lives were calculated from the data generated.

Assessment of Hepatocyte Stability

Cryopreserved hepatocytes, previously stored in liquid nitrogen are placed in a 37±1° C. shaking water bath for 2 min±15 sec. The hepatocytes are then added to 10× volume of pre-warmed Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate (KHB) buffer (2000 mg/L glucose, no calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, Sigma), mixed gently and centrifuged at 500 rpm for 3 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant is carefully removed and a 10× volume of pre-warmed KHB buffer added to resuspend the cell pellet. This is mixed gently and centrifuged at 500 rpm for 3 minutes. The supernatant is then removed and discarded. The cell viability and yield are then determined by cell counts, and these values used to generate human hepatocyte suspensions to the appropriate seeding density (viable cell density=2×106 cells/mL). A 2× dosing solution is prepared in pre-warmed KHB (1% DMSO) (200 μM spiking solution: 20 μL of substrate stock solution (10 mM) in 980 μL of DMSO, 2× dosing solution: 10 μL of 200 μM spiking solution in 990 μL of KHB (2 μM after dilution).

50 μL of pre-warmed 2× dosing solution is added to the wells and 50 μL of pre-warmed hepatocyte solution (2×106 cells/mL) added and timing started. The plate is then incubated at 37° C. 100 μL of acetonitrile containing internal standard is added to each the wells after completion of incubation time (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes) mixed gently, and 50 μL of pre-warmed hepatocyte solution added (2×106 cells/mL). At the end of the incubation, cell viability is determined. Samples are centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4° C., supernatants diluted 2-fold with ultrapure water and compound levels analysed by LC-MS/MS.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of an sfaA Deletion Mutant of Streptomyces Sp. A92-308110 (DSM9954)

1.1 Construction of the sfaA Deletion Construct

The ˜7 kb EcoRV-StuI fragment of cosmid TL3006 (SEQ ID NO. 3) encompassing sfaA (nucleotide position 14396-21362, NCBI sequence accession number FJ809786) was excised by digestion with EcoRV and StuI and the resulting isolated fragment ligated directly into pKC1139 that had previously been digested with EcoRV and treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Roche). This plasmid was designated pSGK268.

An in frame deletion of the sfaA gene contained within this clone was performed using the Red/ET recombination kit supplied by Gene Bridges (catalog number K006).

(SEQ ID NO. 1) SfaA17161f 5′-CGCTCTGTGGCGCCTGGTTTCCAAGCGGCTCGCGGACCGGCACCGGC ACATGCATAATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 2) SfaA17825r 5′-TGGATGTATCGTCGCAGGACGCCCAGAATTCACCTGCGACGTCCTCC AGATGCATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCTC-3′

Two oligonucleotides, SfaA17161f and SfaA17825r were used to amplify the neomycin marker from the FRT-PGK-gb2-neo-FRT template DNA supplied in the kit using KOD DNA polymerase. The resulting ˜1.7 kb amplified product was isolated by gel electrophoresis and purified from the gel with QiaEX resin.

Plasmid pSGK268 was transformed into E. coli DH10B using standard techniques and selected on plates containing apramycin (50 μg/ml). Introduction of the deletion construct was performed essentially following the Gene Bridges kit protocol. A single colony was grown overnight in 2TY apramycin (50 μg/ml) and transformed with the pRedET (tet) plasmid and selected on apramycin (50 μg/ml) and tetracycline (3 μg/ml) at 30° C. A single colony was used to prepare an overnight culture of this strain in 3 ml 2TY apramycin (50 μg/ml) and tetracycline (3 μg/ml) at 30 C. 0.5 ml of this culture was used to inoculate 10 ml 2TY apramycin (50 μg/ml) and tetracycline (3 μg/ml) at 30° C. and grown to an OD_(600nm) ˜0.5. 1.4 ml of this culture was transferred to each of 2 eppendorf tubes and 50 μl 10% arabinose added to one tube to induce expression of the Red/ET recombination proteins. Tubes were shaken for ˜1 hour at 37° C. Induced and non-induced cells were pelleted in a bench top centrifuge and washed twice with chilled sterile water; resuspending and centrifuging to pellet the cells each time. The resulting pellets were suspended in about 30-40 μl of water and kept on ice. The 1.7 kb disruption fragment isolated previously was added to the induced and non-induced tubes and transferred to 1 mm Biorad electrocuvettes on ice. The samples were electroporated (Biorad Micropulser at 1.8 kV, resulting time constant ˜4 ms) and 1 ml 2TY (no antibiotics) added and mixed to remove the cells from the cuvette. Cells were incubated for ˜3 hours at 37° C. with shaking (1100 rpm, eppendorf thermomixer compact) before plating onto 2TY plates containing apramycin (50 μg/ml and kanamycin 25 μg/ml and incubating over night at 37° C. Colonies from the induced sample plates were streaked onto 2TY plates containing kanamycin at 50 μg/ml to purify and confirm introduction of the kanamycin resistance cassette. PCR on individual bacterial colonies was used to confirm the introduction of the cassette. Plasmids were prepared from these cultures and digested to confirm the expected plasmid pSGK270. Plasmids were then digested with NsiI to remove the marker fragment, and the remainder religated to produce the sfaA in-frame deletion construct pSGK271.

1.2 Conjugation of Streptomyces Sp. A92-308110 (DSM9954) and Introduction of an sfaA Deletion

Plasmid pSGK271 was transformed into E. coli ET12567 pUZ8002 using standard techniques and selected on 2TY plates containing apramycin (50 μg/ml), kanamycin (25 μg/ml) and chloroamphenicol (10 μg/ml). The resulting strain was inoculated into 3 ml liquid 2TY containing apramycin (50 μg/ml), kanamycin (25 μg/ml) and chloroamphenicol (10 μg/ml) and incubated overnight at 37° C., 250 rpm. 0.8 ml of this culture was used to inoculate 10 ml liquid 2TY containing apramycin (50 μg/ml), kanamycin (25 μg/ml) and chloroamphenicol (10 μg/ml) in a 50 ml Falcon tube and incubated at 37° C. 250 rpm until OD_(600nm) ˜0.5 was reached. The resulting culture was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes at 4° C., washed twice with 10 ml 2TY media using centrifugation to pellet the cells after each wash. The resulting pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml 2TY and kept on ice before use. This process was timed to coincide with the complete preparation of Streptomyces spores described below.

Spores of Streptomyces sp. A92-308110 (DSM9954) (Biot-4370) were harvested from a 1-2 week old confluent plate by resuspending in ˜3 ml 20% glycerol. Spores were centrifuged (5000 rpm, 10 minutes room temperature) and washed twice with 50 mM TES buffer before resuspending in 1 ml 50 mM TES buffer and splitting between 2 eppendorf tubes. These tubes were heat shocked at 50° C. for 10 minutes in a water bath before adding 0.5 ml 2TY and incubating in an Eppendorf Thermomixer compact at 37° C. for 4-5 hours.

The prepared E. coli ET12567 pUZ8002 pSGK271 and Biot-4370 were mixed at ratios 1:1 (250 μL each strain) and 1:3 (100 μL E. coli) and immediately spread on R6 plates and transferred to a 37° C. incubator. After approximately 2 hours incubation these plates were overlaid with 2 ml of sterile water containing nalidixic acid to give a final in-plate concentration of 25 μg/L. Plates were returned to the 37° C. incubator overnight before overlaying with 2 ml of sterile water containing apramycin to give a final in-plate concentration of 20-25 μg/L. Ex-conjugant colonies appearing after ˜4-7 days were patched to ISP4 media containing apramycin (25 μg/L) and nalidixic acid (25 μg/L) and incubated at 37° C. Once adequate mycelial growth was observed strains were repatched to ISP4 media containing apramycin (25 μg/L) at 37° C. and allowed to sporulate. Strains were then subcultured three times (to promote removal of the temperature sensitive plasmid) by patching to ISP4 (without antibiotic) and incubating at 37° C. for 3-4 days. Strains were finally patched to ISP4 and incubated at 28° C. to allow full sporulation (5-7 days). Spores were harvested and serially diluted onto ISP4 plates at 28° C. to allow selection of single colonies. Sporulated single colonies were doubly patched to ISP4 plates with or without apramycin (25 μg/L) to confirm loss of plasmid and allowed to grow ˜7 days before testing for production of sanglifehrins.

1.3 Screening Strains for Production of Sanglifehrins in Falcon Tubes

A single ˜7 mm agar plug of a well sporulated strain was used to inoculate 7 ml of sterile SM25-3 media and incubated at 27° C. 200 rpm in a 2″ throw shaker. After 48 hours of growth 0.7 ml of this culture was transferred to a sterilised falcon tube containing 7 ml of SGP2 media with 5% HP20 resin. Cultures were grown at 24° C. 300 rpm on a 1 inch throw shaking incubator for 5 days before harvest. 0.8 ml bacterial culture was removed and aliquoted into a 2 ml eppendorf tube ensuring adequate dispersal of the resin in throughout the culture prior to aliquoting. 0.8 ml acetonitrile and 15 μl of formic acid were added and the tube mixed for about 30 minutes.

The mixture was cleared by centrifugation and 170 μl of the extract removed into a HPLC vial and analysed by HPLC.

1.4 Analysis of Strains for Reversion to Wild Type or sfaA Phenotype.

Extracts of strains were analysed by HPLC. Strains that produced sanglifehrin A and B were not analysed further as these had reverted to wild type. Strains lacking sanglifehrin A and B production showed small levels (˜1-2 mg/L) of a peak retention time 6.5 minutes that displayed a sanglifehrin like chromophore. Analysis by LCMS indicated this peak had a m/z 1073, −16 units from the expected m/z of sanglifehrin. It was postulated this peak was due to incorporation of phenylalanine in absence of meta-hydroxytyrosine.

Eight strains showing loss of sanglifehrin production were subsequently regrown to assess whether the potential sfaA mutation could be complemented chemically allowing a mutasynthetic process to novel sanglifehrins. Strains were grown in SM25-3 seed media for 48 hours before transferring to SGP2 production media with 5% resin. After a further 24 hours growth strains were fed in triplicate with 2 mM DL meta-hydroxytyrosine (addition of 100 ul of a 0.16M solution in 1M HCL) or 2 mM L-phenylalanine with an unfed strain used as control. Strains were also fed pipecolic acid (2 mM) in methanol) to enhance product yields. Strains were harvested after a further 4 days growth and extracted and analysed by HPLC. Meta-hydroxy tyrosine was shown to completely complement the sfaA mutation and addition of L-phenylalanine increased levels of the −16 amu compound. Strain Biot-4585 was chosen for further study as the sfaA deletion mutant.

Example 2 Other Methods for Construction of the sfaA Deletion Construct

Other methods can be used to generate sfaA deletion mutants. Examples include sfaA insertional inactivation mutants (such as example 12 from WO2010/034243). This strain was generated as described in WO2010/034243, and given the strain designation BIOT-4452.

Example 3 Array Feed of the sfaA Deletion Mutant

Spore stocks of a mutant disrupted in sfaA (BIOT-4452 or BIOT-4585) were prepared after growth on MAM, ISP4, ISP3 or ISP2 medium, and preserved in 20% w/v glycerol in distilled water and stored at −80° C. Vegetative cultures (seed cultures) were prepared by inoculating spore stock (1% v/v) into 7 mL seed medium (SM25 medium) in 50 mL centrifuge tubes with foam plugs. The culture tubes were incubated at 27° C., 250 rpm (5 cm throw) for 48 h. From the seed culture 10% (v/v) was transferred into 7 mL production medium SGP-2 in 50 mL centrifuge tubes with foam plugs. Cultivation was carried out at 24° C. and 300 rpm (2.5 cm throw). For production of mutasynthetic sanglifehrins, 0.05 mL of a 0.32 M solution (in 1N HCl) of the feed compound (mutasynthon) was added to each tube at 24 hours post inoculation to give a final concentration of 2 mM. Additionally, 0.05 ml of a 0.32 M solution of piperazic acid (in methanol) was added to each tube at 24 hours to give a final concentration of 2 mM. Cultivation was continued for an additional four days post feeding.

Samples were extracted by transferring 0.8 ml of the whole broth into a 2 ml capped eppendorf tube. 0.8 ml of acetonitrile was added, along with 0.015 ml of formic acid. The mixture was then shaken for 30 minutes on a vibrax. The tube was then centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 10 minutes and 0.15 ml of the supernatant was removed for analysis. Extracts were analysed as described in general methods.

Table 1 shows the mutasynthons that were fed in this way, along with the LCMS H+ and Na+ adducts, anticipated molecular mass and retention time of the sanglifehrin mutasynthetic products observed. The major peaks, relating to the sanglifehrin A analogues, are shown. In all cases, LCMS peaks were also seen for the sanglifehrin B analogues (Mass—18).

TABLE 1 [M − H]⁻ [M + Na]⁺ retention mutasynthon observed observed molecular time fed mutasynthon name (m/z) (m/z) mass (amu) (minutes)

2-amino-3-(4-fluoro-3- hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid 1106.4 1130.4 1107.4 5.5

2-amino-3-(3-fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid 1106.4 1130.4 1107.4 5.7

methyl 2-amino-3-(3- fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)proprionate 1106.4 1130.4 1107.4 5.7

methyl (S)-2-amino-3-(3- hydroxy-4- methylphenyl)propanoate 1102.5 1126.7 1103.5 6.0

2-amino-3-(3- fluorophenyl)propanoic acid 1090.4 1114.5 1091   6.1

methyl (2S)-2-amino-3-(3- hydroxy(2- pyridyl)propanoate 1089.5 1113.7 1090.5 4.4

methyl 2-amino-3-(2- fluoro-5- hydroxyphenyl)propanoate 1106.5 1130.6 1107.5 5.5

methyl 2-amino-3-(2- fluoro-3- hydyoxyphenyl)propanoate 1106.5 1130.6 1107.5 5.1

methyl 2-amino-3-(2,6- difluoro-3- hydroxyphenyl)propanoate 1124.4 1148.5 1125.5 5.1

Example 4 Isolation of 63-fluoro sanglifehrin A, Compound 14

Fermentation carried out as described in general methods utilising methyl 2-amino-3-(3-fluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate and DL-piperazic acid as precursors, both were added at 26 hours.

After harvesting the culture broths were pooled and adjusted to approx. pH 3 with formic acid and centrifuged (3300 g) for 25 mins to separate the cells and resin from the clarified broth. The clarified broth was discarded after assay having confirmed less than 5% of target compound present. The cells and resin were stirred with 2 volumes of acetonitrile for 1 hr using a magnetic stirrer. The acetonitrile extract was recovered either by centrifugation or by allowing it to settle under gravity. A second acetonitrile extraction of the cells and resin was then performed under the same conditions. The combined acetonitrile extracts were concentrated to a residual aqueous volume under reduced pressure and then adjusted to pH 6. This was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organics taken to dryness under reduced pressure to give the final crude (1.3 g).

The crude extract (1.3 g) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (2 ml) and loaded onto a silica gel column (10×2 cm) conditioned with ethyl acetate (500 ml). The column was eluted with ethyl acetate and then with stepwise increases in acetone (10%, 20%, 30%, etc. in ethyl acetate). Approx. 250 mL fractions were collected and the target compound identified by analytical LC, combined and taken to dryness. This material (278 mg) was dissolved in methanol (1.8 ml) and purified by preparative HPLC. A Waters Xterra MSC18 column (10 micron, 19 cm×250 mm) was used with solvent pumped at 21 mL/min. Solvent A was water and solvent B was acetonitrile. The column was run isocratically at 50% B for 6 minutes following the injection followed by a gradient to 100% B at 30 minutes. Pure fractions were identified by HPLC-UV and combined. These fractions were taken to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the target compound as an off-white amorphous solid (20 mg).

Example 5 Isolation of 62,63-fluoro sanglifehrin A, Compound 15

Fermentation carried out as described in general methods utilising methyl (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-difluoro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate and DL-piperazic acid as precursors, both were added at 26 hours.

After harvesting the culture broths were pooled and adjusted to approx. pH 3 with formic acid and centrifuged (3300 g) for 25 mins to separate the cells and resin from the clarified broth. The clarified broth was discarded after assay having confirmed less than 5% of target compound present. The cells and resin were stirred with 2 volumes of acetonitrile for 1 hr using a magnetic stirrer. The acetonitrile extract was recovered either by centrifugation or by allowing it to settle under gravity. A second acetonitrile extraction of the cells and resin was then performed under the same conditions. The combined acetonitrile extracts were concentrated to a residual aqueous volume under reduced pressure and then adjusted to pH 6. This was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organics taken to dryness under reduced pressure to give the final crude (1.6 g).

The crude extract (1.6 g) was dissolved in 2 ml ethyl acetate and loaded onto a silica gel column (10×2 cm) conditioned with 500 ml ethyl acetate. The column was eluted with ethyl acetate and then with stepwise increases in acetone (10%, 20%, 30%, etc. in ethyl acetate). Approx. 250 mL fractions were collected and the target compound identified by analytical LC, combined and taken to dryness. This material (188 mg) was dissolved in 1.8 ml methanol and purified by preparative HPLC. A Waters Xterra MSC18 column (10 micron, 19 cm×250 mm) was used with solvent pumped at 21 mL/min. Solvent A was water and solvent B was acetonitrile. The column was run isocratically at 50% B for 6 minutes following the injection followed by a gradient to 100% B at 30 minutes. These fractions were taken to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the target compound as an off-white amorphous solid (15 mg).

Example 6 Isolation of 62-fluoro sanglifehrin A, Compound 16

Employed methyl (S)-2-amino-3-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate and DL-piperazic acid precursors. Carried out in accordance with general method with exception that precursors were added at 27 hours.

After harvesting the culture broths were pooled and adjusted to approx. pH 3 with formic acid and centrifuged (3300 g) for 25 mins to separate the cells and resin from the clarified broth. The clarified broth was discarded after assay having confirmed less than 5% of target compound present. The cells and resin were stirred with 2 volumes of acetonitrile for 1 hr using magnetic stirrer. The acetonitrile extract was recovered either by centrifugation or by allowing it to settle under gravity. A second acetonitrile extraction of the cells and resin was then performed under the same conditions.

The combined acetonitrile extracts were concentrated to a residual aqueous volume under reduced pressure and then adjusted to pH 6. This was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organics taken to dryness under reduced pressure to give the final oily crude (4.2 g).

The crude extract (4.2 g) was dissolved in 4 ml ethyl acetate and loaded onto a silica gel column (15×2 cm) conditioned with 500 ml ethyl acetate. The column was eluted with ethyl acetate and then with stepwise increases in acetone (10%, 20%, 30%, etc. in ethyl acetate). Approx. 250 mL fractions were collected and the target compound identified by analytical LC, combined and taken to dryness. This material (390 mg) was dissolved in 2.4 ml methanol and purified by preparative HPLC. A Waters Xterra MSC18 column (10 micron, 19 cm×250 mm) was used with solvent pumped at 21 mL/min. Solvent A was water and solvent B was acetonitrile. The column was run isocratically at 50% B for 6 minutes following the injection followed by a gradient to 100% B at 30 minutes. Pure fractions were identified by HPLC-UV and combined. These fractions were taken to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the target compound as an off-white amorphous solid (38 mg).

Example 7 Isolation of 62-methyl sanglifehrin A, Compound/7

Cryopreserved spore stocks of BIOT-4585 were thawed at room temperature. Vegetative cultures (seed cultures) were prepared by transferring 0.4 mL of spore stock into 400 mL medium SM25 in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks with foam plug. Cultivation was carried out for 48 hours at 27° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw). From the seed culture 20 mL was transferred into 400 mL production medium SGP2+5% HP20 in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks with foam plug. After 24 hours cultivation at 24° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw), 2 mL of a 200 mM solution of methyl (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)propanoate in 1M hydrochloric acid and 2 mL of a 400 mM methanolic solution of DL-piperazic acid was added to each production flask to give a final 1 mM concentration of the individual enantiomers of the precursors. Cultivation was continued for further four days at 24° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw).

The culture broths were pooled and adjusted to approx. pH 3 with formic acid and centrifuged (3300 g) for 25 mins to separate the cells and resin from the clarified broth. The clarified broth was discarded after assay having confirmed less than 5% of target compound present. The cells and resin were stirred with 2 volumes of acetonitrile for 1 hr using an overhead paddle stirrer. The acetonitrile extract was recovered by allowing it to settle under gravity. A second acetonitrile extraction of the cells and resin was then performed under the same conditions. The combined acetonitrile extracts were concentrated to a residual aqueous volume under reduced pressure and then adjusted to pH 6. This was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organics taken to dryness under reduced pressure to give the final crude (7.6 g).

The crude extract (7.6 g) was dissolved in 5 ml ethyl acetate and loaded onto a silica gel column (15×2 cm) conditioned with 500 ml ethyl acetate. The column was eluted with ethyl acetate and then with stepwise increases in acetone (10%, 20%, 30%, etc. in ethyl acetate). Approx. 250 mL fractions were collected and the target compound identified by analytical LC, combined and taken to dryness. This material (319 mg) was dissolved in 2.4 ml methanol and purified by preparative HPLC. A Waters Xterra MSC18 column (10 micron, 19 cm×250 mm) was used with solvent pumped at 21 mL/min. Solvent A was water and solvent B was acetonitrile. The column was run isocratically at 50% B for 6 minutes following the injection followed by a gradient to 100% B at 30 minutes. Pure fractions were identified by HPLC-UV and combined. These fractions were taken to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the target compound as an off-white amorphous solid (14.9 mg).

Example 8 Isolation of 61-deshydroxy sanglifehrin A, Compound 18

Cryopreserved spore stocks of BIOT-4585 were thawed at room temperature. Vegetative cultures (seed cultures) were prepared by transferring 0.4 mL of spore stock into 400 mL medium SM25 in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks with foam plug. Cultivation was carried out for 48 hours at 27° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw). From the seed culture 500 mL was transferred into 4.5 L production medium SGP2+5% HP20 in a 7 L Applikon fermenter and cultivated at 24° C., 400 rpm (cascade DOT control), 2.5 L/min air flow and 30% DOT (cascade agitation control). After 24 hours cultivation, 7.5 mL of a 667 mM solution of (S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid in 1M hydrochloric acid was added to the fermenter to give a final 1 mM concentration of the precursor. Cultivation was continued for further four days at 24° C., 400 rpm (cascade DOT control), 2.5 L/min air flow and 30% DOT (cascade agitation control).

The culture broths were pooled and adjusted to approx. pH 3 with formic acid and centrifuged (3300 g) for 25 mins to separate the cells and resin from the clarified broth. The clarified broth was discarded after assay having confirmed less than 5% of target compound present. The cells and resin were stirred with 2 volumes of acetonitrile for 1 hr using an overhead paddle stirrer. The acetonitrile extract was recovered by allowing it to settle under gravity. A second acetonitrile extraction of the cells and resin was then performed under the same conditions, but with the second extract being recovered by centrifugation. The combined acetonitrile extracts were concentrated to a residual aqueous volume under reduced pressure and then adjusted to pH 6. This was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organics taken to dryness under reduced pressure to give the final crude (55 g).

The crude extract (55 g) was suspended in 80% methanol in water and extracted with 300 ml hexane twice. The target compound was found in methanol/water part and which were taken to dryness. This dried extract (48 g) dissolved in 30 ml ethyl acetate and loaded onto a silica gel column (20×5 cm) conditioned with 1 L ethyl acetate. The column was eluted with ethyl acetate and then with stepwise increases in acetone (10%, 20%, 30%, etc. in ethyl acetate). Approx. 250 mL fractions were collected and the target compound identified by analytical LC, combined and taken to dryness. This material (813 mg) was dissolved in methanol and purified by preparative HPLC. A Waters Xterra MSC18 column (10 micron, 19 cm×250 mm) was used with solvent pumped at 21 mL/min. Solvent A was water and solvent B was acetonitrile. The column was run isocratically at 50% B for 6 minutes following the injection followed by a gradient to 100% B at 30 minutes. Pure fractions were identified by HPLC-UV and combined. These fractions were taken to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the target compound as an off-white amorphous solid (34 mg).

Example 9 Isolation 58-des(3-hydroxyphenyl)-58-(3-hydroxy(2-pyridyl)-sanglifehrin A, Compound 19

Employed methyl (2S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy(2-pyridyl))propanoate and DL-piperazic acid precursors. Carried out in accordance with general method with exception that the incubator throw during vegetative (seed) cultivation was 2.5 cm.

The culture broths were pooled and adjusted to approx. pH 3 with formic acid and centrifuged (3300 g) for 25 mins to separate the cells and resin from the clarified broth. The clarified broth was discarded after assay having confirmed less than 5% of target compound present. The cells and resin were stirred with 2 volumes of acetonitrile for 1 hr using an overhead paddle stirrer. The acetonitrile extract was recovered by allowing it to settle under gravity. A second acetonitrile extraction of the cells and resin was then performed under the same conditions. The combined acetonitrile extracts were concentrated to a residual aqueous volume under reduced pressure and then adjusted to pH 6. This was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organics taken to dryness under reduced pressure to give the final crude (7 g).

The crude extract (7 g) was dissolved in 4 ml ethyl acetate and loaded onto a silica gel column (15×2 cm) conditioned with 500 ml ethyl acetate. The column was eluted with ethyl acetate and then with stepwise increases in acetone (10%, 20%, 30%, etc. in ethyl acetate to 100% acetone then 1% methanol to stepwise 5% methanol in acetone). Approx. 250 mL fractions were collected and the target compound identified by analytical LC, combined and taken to dryness. This material (204 mg) was dissolved in methanol and purified by preparative HPLC. A Waters Xterra MSC18 column (10 micron, 19 cm×250 mm) was used with solvent pumped at 21 mL/min. Solvent A was water and solvent B was acetonitrile. The column was run isocratically at 50% B for 6 minutes following the injection followed by a gradient to 100% B at 30 minutes. Pure fractions were identified by HPLC-UV and combined. These fractions were taken to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the target compound as an off-white amorphous solid (4 mg).

Example 10 Isolation of 61-deshydroxy-61-fluoro sanglifehrin A, Compound 20

Cryopreserved spore stocks of BIOT-4585 were thawed at room temperature. Vegetative cultures (seed cultures) were prepared by transferring 0.4 mL of spore stock into 400 mL medium SM25 in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks with foam plug. Cultivation was carried out for 48 hours at 27° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw). From the seed culture 20 mL was transferred into 400 mL production medium SGP2+5% HP20 in 2 L Erlenmeyer flasks with foam plug. After 24 hours cultivation at 24° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw), 2 mL of a 400 mM solution of 2-amino-3-(3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid in 1M hydrochloric acid and 2 mL of a 400 mM methanolic solution of DL-piperazic acid was added to each production flask to give a final 1 mM concentration of the individual enantiomers of the precursors. Cultivation was continued for further four days at 24° C. and 250 rpm (2.5 cm throw).

The culture broths were pooled and adjusted to approx. pH 3 with formic acid and centrifuged (3300 g) for 25 mins to separate the cells and resin from the clarified broth. The clarified broth was discarded after assay having confirmed less than 5% of target compound present. The cells and resin were stirred with 2 volumes of acetonitrile for 1 hr using an overhead paddle stirrer. The acetonitrile extract was recovered either by allowing it to settle under gravity. A second acetonitrile extraction of the cells and resin was then performed under the same conditions. A third extract was obtained by centrifugation of the residual cell and resin mix. The combined acetonitrile extracts were concentrated to a residual aqueous volume under reduced pressure and then adjusted to pH 6. This was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organics taken to dryness under reduced pressure to give the final crude (10.5 g).

The crude extract (10.5 g) was dissolved in 7 ml ethyl acetate and loaded onto a silica gel column (15×2 cm) conditioned with 500 ml ethyl acetate. The column was eluted with ethyl acetate and then with stepwise increases in acetone (10%, 20%, 30%, etc. in ethyl acetate). Approx. 250 mL fractions were collected and the target compound identified by analytical LC, combined and taken to dryness. This material (342 mg) was dissolved in methanol and purified by preparative HPLC. A Waters Xterra MSC18 column (10 micron, 19 cm×250 mm) was used with solvent pumped at 21 mL/min. Solvent A was water and solvent B was acetonitrile. The column was run isocratically at 53% B for 30 minutes following the injection. Pure fractions were identified by HPLC-UV and combined. These fractions were taken to dryness under reduced pressure to yield the target compound as an off-white amorphous solid (6 mg).

Example 11 Synthesis of diethyl (2-(1,2-oxazinan-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate

To a solution of 21-1 (ChemCollect, Germany) (100 mg, 0.81 mmol), Et₃N (246 mg, 2.43 mmol) in dry DCM (5 mL) was added dropwise chloroacetyl chloride (138 mg, 1.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, poured into ice water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. The residue (21-2) was used to the next step without any further purification. (123 mg, 90% yield).

A mixture of 21-2 (123 mg, 0.75 mmol) and triethyl phosphite (250 mg, 1.50 mmol) were stirred at 140° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and was purified by flash chromatography to yield 21.

Example 12 Synthesis of diethyl (2-oxo-2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)ethyl)phosphonate

To a solution of 22-1 (1 g, 10.6 mmol), Et₃N (1.075 g, 10.6 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (50 mL) was added dropwise chloroacetyl chloride (1.2 g, 10.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, poured into ice water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reversed phase-combiflash to yield 22-2.

A mixture of 22-2 (170 mg, 1.00 mmol) and triethyl phosphite (332 mg, 2.00 mmol) was stirred at 140° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and was purified by flash chromatography to yield 22.

Example 13 Preparation of Compound 23

To a stirred solution of 14 (430 mg, 0.38 mmol), (DHQ)₂PHAL (18.6 mg, 0.024 mmol), osmium tetroxide (0.156 mL, 0.012 mmol) in tert-butyl alcohol (2.5 wt %, 0.079 mmol/ml), and methanesulfonamide (74 mg, 0.77 mmol) in 20 mL tert-butyl alcohol were added at room temperature, a solution of potassium ferricyanide (382 mg, 1.16 mmol) and potassium carbonate (160 mg, 1.16 mmol) in 20 mL water, resulting in a brown emulsion. After 2 h a solution of sodium sulfite was added, and stirring was continued for 20 min. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure, purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography to yield 23-2 as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 23-2 (240 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 24 mL of a 2:1 mixture of THF and water was added sodium periodate (91 mg, 0.42 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, and then saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added. This mixture was extracted with three portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with one portion of water and two portions of saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography to yield 23-3.

To a solution of diethyl (2-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (91 mg, 0.368 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) was added NaH (2.8 mg, 0.1104 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.2 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The solution was then stirred at 20° C. until it became clear. Then 23-3 (70 mg, 0.092 mmol) was added to the clear solution and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and reduced in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 23 as a white solid.

Example 14 Preparation of Compound 24

To a solution of 21 (42 mg, 0.168 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added NaH (1.2 mg, 0.05 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.2 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The solution was then stirred at 20° C. until it became clear. Then 23-3 (30 mg, 0.042 mmol) was added to the clear solution and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and reduced in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 24 as a white solid.

Example 15 Preparation of Compound 25

To a solution of 22 (48 mg, 0.168 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added NaH (1.2 mg, 0.05 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.2 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The solution was then stirred at 20° C. until it became clear. Then 23-3 (30 mg, 0.042 mmol) was added to the clear solution and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and reduced in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 25 as a white solid.

Example 16 Preparation of Compound 26

To a solution of 23 (13 mg, 0.015 mmol) dissolved in dioxane (1 mL) was added aqueous HCl solution (2 M, 0.080 ml, 0.16 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 24 h and the reaction was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 26 as a white solid.

Example 17 Preparation of Compound 27

To a stirred solution of 17 (99 mg, 0.09 mmol), (DHQ)₂PHAL (4.2 mg, 0.0054 mmol), osmium tetroxide (0.034 mL, 0.0027 mmol) in tert-butyl alcohol (2.5 wt %, 0.079 mmol/ml), and methanesulfonamide (18 mg, 0.18 mmol) in 5 mL tert-butyl alcohol were added at room temperature, a solution of potassium ferricyanide (90 mg, 0.27 mmol) and potassium carbonate (37 mg, 0.27 mmol) in 5 mL water, resulting in a brown emulsion. After 2 h a solution of sodium sulfite was added, and stirring was continued for 20 min. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure, purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography to yield 27-2 as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 27-2 (40 mg, 0.035 mmol) in 3 mL of a 2:1 mixture of THF and water was added sodium periodate (15 mg, 0.07 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, and then saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added. This mixture was extracted with three portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with one portions of water and two portions of saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography to yield 27-3 as a white solid

To a solution of 21 (28 mg, 0.104 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added NaH (0.75 mg, 0.0312 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.2 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The solution was then stirred at 20° C. until it became clear. Then 27-3 (19.6 mg, 0.026 mmol) was added to the clear solution and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 27 as a white solid.

Example 18 Preparation of Compound 28

To a stirred solution of 15 (349 mg, 0.31 mmol), (DHQ)₂PHAL (14 mg, 0.0186 mmol), osmium tetroxide (0.117 mL, 0.0093 mmol) in tert-butyl alcohol (2.5 wt %, 0.079 mmol/ml), and methanesulfonamide (59 mg, 0.62 mmol) in 15 mL tert-butyl alcohol was added at room temperature, a solution of potassium ferricyanide (128 mg, 0.93 mmol) and potassium carbonate (306 mg, 0.93 mmol) in 15 mL water, resulting in a brown emulsion. After 2 h a solution of sodium sulfite was added, and stirring was continued for 20 min. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure, purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography to yield 28-2 as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 28-2 (170 mg, 0.1466 mmol) in 15 mL of a 2:1 mixture of THF and water was added sodium periodate (62 mg, 0.2931 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h, and then saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added. This mixture was extracted with three portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with one portion of water and two portions of saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse-phase flash chromatography to yield 28-3 as a white solid.

To a solution of 21 (41 mg, 0.155 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added NaH (2.3 mg, 0.0575 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.2 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The solution was then stirred at 20° C. until it became clear. Then 28-3 (30 mg, 0.0387 mmol) was added to the clear solution and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, evaporated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 28 as a white solid.

Example 19 Preparation of Compound 29

To a solution of 22 (42 mg, 0.155 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added NaH (2.3 mg, 0.0575 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.2 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The solution was then stirred at 20° C. until it became clear. Then 28-3 (30 mg, 0.0387 mmol) was added to the clear solution and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, evaporated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 29 as a white solid.

Example 20 Preparation of Compound 30

To a solution of diethyl (2-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (37 mg, 0.155 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added NaH (2.3 mg, 0.0575 mmol) in anhydrous THF (0.2 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The solution was then stirred at 20° C. until it became clear. Then 28-3 (30 mg, 0.0387 mmol) was added to the clear solution and the mixture stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, evaporated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to obtained 30 as a white solid.

Example 21 Biological Data—In Vivo Oral Bioavailability

To assess the pharmacokinetics of the compounds in an in vivo setting, compounds were dosed po at 10 or 5 mg/kg and iv at 1 mg/kg to groups of CD1 mice. The compounds tested are mentioned above or listed in the table below:

List of Tested Compounds which are Published*

Com- pound num- ber 31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

*see WO2011/098809, WO2011/098808 and WO2011/098805 for disclosure and preparation methods, these documents are incorporated herein in their entirety.

Pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out as described in the general methods.

AUClast AUClast after after AUClast after Oral 1 mg/kg i.v. 5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg p.o. bioavailability Compound dose p.o. dose dose F % Cyclosporine A, 1 1010 8793 90.8 Sanglifehrin A, 5 16473 2839 1.4 Sanglifehrin B, 7 14067 5693 3.9 Sanglifehrin C, 31 1257 25 0.2 Sanglifehrin D, 32 2157 19.8 0.03 33 14333 2203 1.6 34 14033 800 0.1 35 813 11.3 0.1 36 4923 17.8 0.04 37 1218 4.76 0.04 38 5793 3090 5.5 39 1660 111 0.9 40 4910 3877 7.8 41 1943 453 2.4 42 11658 919 0.7 43 9801 8983 9.2 44 2497 0 0 45 15100 4837 3.2 23 22867 2760 2.4 24 45467 8223 3.6 26 5503 421 1.5

As can be seen, sanglifehrins have low oral bioavailability, as shown by a low F % value.

Example 22 Biological Data—In Vitro Stability in Different Matrices

Stability of compounds was analysed in simulated gastric fluid, pH1.2 (SGF) and phosphate buffered saline, pH7.3 (PBS). See FIG. 1 for HPLC traces for PBS and SGF incubations of 24. The retention time of 24 is 11.1-11.3 minutes.

SGF + SGF + denatured PBS % SGF % Pepsin, % pepsin, % remain- remaining remaining remaining ing Com- SGF t_(1/2) after 1 after 1 after 1 PBS t_(1/2) after 1 pound (hrs) hour hour hour (hrs) hour CsA, 1 >24    100% — — >24 — SfA, 5 ~1    52% 41% 49%  ~3  76% 33   0.66 — 25% — >24 — 45 <0.33  13% 17% 15% >24 100% 24 <0.33  18% 23% 30% >24 100%

As can be seen, all of the sanglifehrins are more stable in PBS than in SGF with or without pepsin, whilst the other cyclophilin inhibitor from a different chemical class, cyclosporine A, is stable in all matrices tested. From this experiment it may be concluded that the sanglifehrins are degraded in acidic conditions (modelled on stomach acid) but are stable at neutral or alkaline pH.

Example 23 Biological Data—Generation of Enterically Coated Capsules and Dissolution Studies

Approximately 5 mg of 24 was weighed into size ‘3’ gelatin capsules which were then placed into a size ‘0’ gelatin capsule. Coating of half of the capsules was then achieved by individually dipping each capsule into the coating solution (Opadry enteric coat solution 5% w/w, dichloromethane:methanol 40:60 95% w/w) and allowing them air dry at ambient for at least 6 hours or overnight. Capsules were coated by dipping the capsule body into the solution first and then allowed to air dry by placing in holder such that the body was facing upwards and the cap in contact with the holder. Once dried, the capsule cap was then dipped into the coating solution and dried the same way as described above with body in contact with the holder. After both the capsule body and cap were coated, this was treated as 1 coating cycle. After sufficient drying, the weights of the capsules were measured and compared to the initial values. This procedure was repeated several times until the desired weight gain (11 mg) for the capsule was achieved.

Dissolution studies were then conducted in acidic (pH1.0) and pH 6.8 buffer media as follows:

Acid Stage: 750 mL of 0.1M HCl was placed in a 1 L vessel and the apparatus assembled. The medium was allowed to equilibrate to a temperature of 37±0.5° C. One capsule (coated or uncoated) was placed in the apparatus, the vessel covered and the mixture paddle stirred at 50 rpm. An aliquot was taken from the fluid at T=0, after 30 minutes (T=30 min) and after 60 minutes (T=60 min) of operation in 0.1M HCl and proceed immediately as directed under buffer stage. Perform an analysis of the aliquot using a suitable assay method.

Buffer Stage: Immediately on completion of the acid stage, 250 mL of 0.2M solution of Tri-Sodium Phosphate Dodecahydrate (with 2% tween 80) equilibrated to 37±0.5° C. was added. This was adjusted as necessary, with 2N HCl or 2M NaOH to a pH of 6.8±0.05 within 5 minutes. The study was then continued for a further 90 minutes, with the mixture paddle stirred at 75 rpm, with aliquots of the fluid taken at T=0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min.

Using the methods described above, enterically coated capsules were compared to uncoated capsules, and the aliquots withdrawn analysed by HPLC to determine levels of 24.

FIG. 2 and the table below shows the results of the study. The uncoated capsules dissolved completely after around 5 minutes in the acidic medium while the coated capsules still remained intact after 1 hour. This observation was supported by the HPLC results showing that at 60 minutes, no release of 24 was detected for the coated capsules. As the uncoated capsules had dissolved completely after 5 minutes in the acidic medium allowing 24 to disperse fully in the medium, the release of 24 from these capsules should be much higher at 60 minutes. This low value of release was most likely due to degradation of 24 in the acidic medium. This hypothesis is supported by the percentage release values after 90 minutes in the basic medium showing that only around 12% release of 24 was detected for the uncoated capsules compared to around 63% release for the coated capsules. This suggests that a substantial amount of 24 from the uncoated capsules had degraded in the acidic medium prior to the basic stage. After changing to the basic medium, the coated capsules dissolved completely in 5 minutes allowing 24 to disperse fully in the medium. The release of API increased gradually and at the end of the study (90 min in the basic medium) the percentage of release was around 63%.

Enterically coated capsules Uncoated capsules 24 in 24 in solution solution (n = 3) (% of (n = 3) (% amount of amount Time (min) dosed) Stdev dosed) Stdev pH 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 30 0.0 0.0 4.6 1.1 1.0 60 0.0 0.0 7.3 2.1 1.0 75 5.0 3.3 12.0 3.7 6.8 90 17.2 7.1 9.5 4.7 6.8 105 30.3 6.2 11.8 3.1 6.8 120 41.2 6.1 17.7 4.1 6.8 150 63.2 4.9 12.2 0.9 6.8

This data supports the hypothesis that enterically coated capsules increase the amount of sanglifehrin available in the intestinal compartment, and therefore can improve the oral bioavailability and/or reduce the variability of sanglifehrin analogues when dosed to patients.

Example 24 Biological Data—Comparison of In Vivo Pharmacokinetics in Dogs or Human Patients Following Oral Dosing of Enterically and Non-Enterically Coated Tablets

24 is filled into enterically coated and non-enterically tablets or capsules, optionally with excipients to aid intestinal solubility and/or permeability. 2 mg/kg 24 in each form (enterically coated and non-enterically coated) is then dosed to groups of 3 non-naïve beagle dogs or human patients within a regulated clinical trial environment. Blood samples are taken after 0, 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours, and concentration of 24 in whole blood is calculated by LCMS/MS using hydroxymacrocycle as an internal standard. AUClast is then calculated for each tablet. Oral bioavailability is expected to be higher in the group dosed with enterically coated tablets and/or variability between animals/patients is expected to be lower in the group dosed with enterically coated tablets.

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All references including patent and patent applications referred to in this application are incorporated herein by reference to the fullest extent possible.

Throughout the specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word ‘comprise’, and variations such as ‘comprises’ and ‘comprising’, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers but not to the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. 

1. A pharmaceutical dosage form for oral administration comprising a sanglifehrin as active ingredient in which the sanglifehrin active ingredient is protected from acid degradation in the stomach environment following oral administration, wherein protection of the active ingredient is achieved by provision of a layer of enteric coat, said enteric coat being stable in the acid environment of the stomach, and adapted to release the active ingredient in the higher pH environment of the small intestine.
 2. (canceled)
 3. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient is particulate and the enteric coat is applied to the particles of active ingredient.
 4. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient is in the form of a granulate, and the enteric coat is applied to the granules of active ingredient.
 5. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient is coated onto a non-pareil and the enteric coat is applied to the coated non-pareil.
 6. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient is contained within a capsule, said capsule being provided with an enteric coat.
 7. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1 wherein the active ingredient is contained within a tablet, said tablet being provided with an enteric coat.
 8. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is selected from Sanglifehrins A, B, C and D.
 9. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is non-natural.
 10. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 9 wherein the non-natural sanglifehrin is the product of feeding a non-natural precursor to a sanglifehrin producing bacterium.
 11. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 9 wherein the non-natural sanglifehrin is the product of feeding natural or non-natural precursors to a sanglifehrin producing bacterium in which the sanglifehrin PKS has been modified in respect of one or more modules or domains.
 12. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (X) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

in which R₁ represents an organic moiety and R₂ represents an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group; including any tautomer thereof; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl group and methanol.
 13. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: the moiety X₁ represents —OR₁, —NR₁R₂ or R₃; R₁, R₂ and R₃ independently represent alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁, R₂ and R₃ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁, R₂ and R₃ are optionally replaced by carbonyl; or R₁ and R₂ are linked such that NR₁R₂ represents a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing the specified nitrogen atom and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said ring are optionally replaced by a further heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said ring are optionally replaced by carbonyl and which heterocyclic ring may optionally be fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁, R₂ and R₃ group may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms; or R₁ and/or R₂ represents hydrogen; R₉ represents H or OH; n represents a single or double bond, save that when n represents a double bond R₉ represents H; R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇ and R₈ independently represent H, F, Cl, Br, alkenyl or alkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are optionally replaced by carbonyl and which alkyl group may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms; X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅ and X₆ independently represent C or N, and in the case of any of these groups representing N the attached substituent is absent; with the proviso that where R₄, R₆, R₇ and R₈ all represent H and X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅ and X₆ all represent C, then R₅ cannot represent OH, —Oalkyl or —O(CO)alkyl; including any tautomer thereof; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl group and methanol.
 14. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 13 wherein the sanglifehrin is compound 24 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:


15. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (II) or (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ independently represent H, F, Cl, Br, C₂₋₆alkenyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said alkyl group are optionally replaced by carbonyl and which alkyl group may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms; X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄ and X₅ independently represent C or N, and in the case of any of these groups representing N the attached substituent is absent; with the proviso that where R₁, R₃, R₄ and R₅ all represent H and X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄ and X₅ all represent C, then R₂ cannot represent OH; including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl group and methanol.
 16. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (IV) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: X represents CH₂ or CO; R₁ and R₂ independently represent hydrogen; or an alkyl or alkenyl group which may optionally be joined to form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom shown and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by carbonyl; or one of R₁ and R₂ represents -alkylaryl, -alkenylaryl, -alkylheteroaryl or -alkenylheteroaryl and the other represents H, alkyl or alkenyl; including any tautomer thereof; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto and the C-15 hydroxyl groups and methanol.
 17. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: R₁ represents alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; or R₁ represents hydrogen; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ are optionally replaced by carbonyl; provided that R₁ does not represent methyl or —CHMe₂; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁ group may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms; R₃ represents H or (CO)_(x)alkyl; R₄ represents H or OH; R₅ represents H, OH or ═O; n represents a single or double bond save that when n represents a double bond R₄ represents H; and m represents a single or double bond save that when m represents a double bond R₅ represents H; x represents 0 or 1; including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl group and methanol.
 18. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: R₁ represents alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 save that the atom adjacent to the carbonyl group to which R₁ is attached is not O or N and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ are optionally replaced by carbonyl; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁ group may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms; R₃ represents H or (CO)_(x)alkyl; R₄ represents H or OH; R₅ represents H, OH or ═O; n represents a single or double bond save that when n represents a double bond R₄ represents H; and m represents a single or double bond save that when m represents a double bond R₅ represents H; x represents 0 or 1; including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl group and methanol.
 19. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 7 wherein the sanglifehrin is a compound of formula (VII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: R₁ and R₂ independently represent alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, alkenylaryl or alkenylheteroaryl any of which groups may optionally be substituted by monocylic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; or R₁ represents hydrogen; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ not being part of an aryl or heteroaryl group are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of R₁ and/or R₂ are optionally replaced by carbonyl; or R₁ and R₂ are joined to form a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing the nitrogen atom shown and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said ring are optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from O, N and S(O)_(p) in which p represents 0, 1 or 2 and wherein one or more carbon atoms of said ring are optionally replaced by carbonyl and which heterocyclic ring may optionally be fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring; and wherein one or more carbon atoms of an R₁ and/or R₂ group may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen atoms; R₃ represents H, —(CO)_(x)alkyl; R₄ represents H or OH; R₅ represents H, OH or ═O; n represents a single or double bond save that when n represents a double bond R₄ represents H; and m represents a single or double bond save that when m represents a double bond R₅ represents H; x represents 0 or 1; including any tautomer thereof; or an isomer thereof in which the C26, 27 C═C bond shown as trans is cis; and including a methanol adduct thereof in which a ketal is formed by the combination of the C-53 keto (if present) and the C-15 hydroxyl groups and methanol.
 20. A pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 19 for use in the treatment of viral infections (especially RNA virus infections) such as HCV or HIV infection, or for use as an anti-inflammatory agent or for prophylaxis of organ transplant rejection, by oral administration.
 21. A method of treatment of viral infections (especially RNA virus infections) such as HCV or HIV infection, or a method of treatment of inflammation or a method of prophylaxis of organ transplant rejection which comprises orally administering to a subject in need therefore an effective amount of a pharmaceutical dosage form according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to
 19. 